Final Study GuideIdentification QuestionsWitte System- Sergei Witte was Russian. He was the 1st prime minister of Imperial Russia. Was the minister of finance from 1892-1903. Pushed for railroads. Worked for rail lines, said there was a problem at a specific spot, didn’t believe him then the trains wrecked in same spot he said. Under Alexander III and Nicholas II. His system was basically an economic system that leads to modernization and industrialization.He considered the tariff of 1891 the cornerstone of his system. Witte influenced Nicholas II for economic reforms.Nicholas II- Tsar from 1894-1917. Grandson of Alexander II, son of Alexander III. Trans-Siberian Railway was completed during his reign in 1904. Strengthened relationship with France. Russo-Japanese War was a clash between Russia and Japan. They fought over Port Arthur, which was near Korea at the time. Japan won. Battle of Tsushima is when Russia had to go around the Baltic. Japan killed their Baltic fleet. Japan knew they were coming because it took them 6 months to go from Russia to Japan. This battle happened during the Russo-Japanese War. Revolution of 1905 was a Constitutional Movement, Congress of Zemstvos (representatives from the country). They established the Union of Liberation. The Russo-Japanese War really hurt Russia and everyone went crazy which caused the Revolution of 1905. It led to the establishment of a constitutional monarchy. Society went on a strike. Labor movement. Bloody Sunday (January 1905) was led by George Gapon. He went to Nicholas II’s office asking for a sort of democracy, Nicholas II didn’t agree. Gapon started a march on Sunday, planning on it to be peaceful then the soldiers juststarted firing at them. After Sunday he wanted other to fight against tsarism, which is where the tsar holds all power. Tsar during World War I. February Revolution of 1917 was when Nicholas II abdicated. Gallipoli/ANZACs- Australian and New Zealand Army Corps. To capture Istanbul. Onthe peninsula of Gallipoli (modern day Turkey). Many countries (British Empire and France) against Ottoman Empire. Turks won and got Istanbul. Istanbul was a great trading place at this point. Treaty of Versailles- Treaty that ended World War I. Ended war between Germany and the Allied Powers. Signed on June 28, 1919. Pretty much for Germany, other treaties were for the other Central Powers. Military and legal restrictions. German emperor tried as a war criminal. Several clauses regarding re-establishment of Poland. Germany had to pay money to allies (war debt). Porfirio Diaz- 1830-1915, r. 1876-1910. Was president of Mexico. France wanted to take over Mexico because they had silver. Leader of the successful rebellion against this French Intervention. Fell out of power during Mexican Revolution. Zimmerman Telegram-1917 proposal from German Empire to Mexico to make war against the US. Was intercepted and decoded by British intelligence. It outraged Americans and helped generate support for the US declaration of war on Germany in April. The message was written by Germany to Mexico. Mexico ignored and after the US entered the war, Mexico officially rejected it. Multiple Choice TermsWar and PeaceEntente and Associated Powers in World War I-Triple Entente was UK, France, and Russian Empire. Then Italy entered. Japan, Belgium, Serbia, Montenegro, Greece, Romania, and the Czechoslovak legions were all minor members of the Entente. Central Powers for World War I- Triple Alliance was German Empire, Austro-Hungarian Empire, Ottoman Empire, and the Kingdom of Bulgaria. Axis Powers for World War II- Japan, Germany, and ItalyAllies of World War II-France, UK (Australia, Canada, New Zealand, and South Africa), Poland, Soviet Union, US, and China. The “Big Three” were Britain, Soviet Union, and US. Causes of WWI- Nationalism, Economic Rivalry, Imperialism, Rival Alliances, and Arms Race. The immediate cause was the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria-Hungary by Serbian Nationalist. This was in protest to Austria-Hungary having control of this region. Led to A-H declaring war on Serbia. Then Russia began to mobilize due to its alliance with Serbia, Germany declared war on Russia. Causes of WWII- Began when Britain and France declared war on Germany following Germany’s invasion of Poland. Germany thought Treaty of Versailles was too harsh. They had to pay 6 million for the damages caused by the war, could not afford that at this time. Germans voted Hitler in; they thought that he could fix everything. He was there only hope.Peace Process for WWI- Treaty of Versailles created peace for WWI.Peace Process of WWII- Inauguration of the United Nations brought hopes of a new era of peace and international co-operation. But these hopes were quickly crushedwith the emergence of the Cold War, which was the result of underlying ideological tensions between the Soviet Union and the US. Reform, Reaction, RevolutionRussian Revolution- series of revolutions in Russia in 1917, it destroyed the Tsarist democracy and led to the creation of the Soviet Union (dictatorship). Two revolutions, February and October. WWI was going on at this time. Leads to Russia pulling out of the war. February is when the government took over the tsar because he abdicated his thrown. October was when the Bolshevik party, led by Lenin overthrew the Provisional Government in St. Petersburg. To end the war, the Bolshevik leadership signed the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk with Germany in March 1918. This led to civil war between the “Red” (Bolshevik), and “White” (anti-Bolshevik). PeopleAmerica Woodrow Wilson- 28th President from 1913-1921. He had full control of America’s entry into World War I. He didn’t want to enter the war. But he had to after the Zimmerman Telegram. In 1918, he issued the Fourteen Points. Which stated that wewere fighting for a reason (Zimmerman Telegram) and for postwar peace in Europe.In 1919, he went to Paris to create the League of Nations and shape the Treaty of Versailles. FDR- 32nd President from 1933-1945. President during World War II. Only presidentto be elected more than 2 terms (4 terms).Truman- 33rd President from 1945-1953. Roosevelt died, and Truman came in right before the war ended. His presidency was eventful in foreign affairs, he decided to use nuclear weapons against Japan, he defeated Nazi Germany, founding of the UN, the Marshall Plan to rebuild Europe, Truman Doctrine to contain communism, beginning of