WOH 1030Lecture 37 OutlineEurope since 1945I. Origins of the Cold Wara. When American go to Europe they realized they don’t have a strong foothold theirb. Stalin had the advantage and demanded a buffer zone… FDR said ok... then he died and Harry S Truman took his placec. Staling thinks he has an agreement with FDR and Truman wants to renegotiate. d. Truman was a rabid anti-communist and didn’t want the buffer zone.e. Staling made it clear he would exploit the satellite states to restore powerf. After Potsdam, Truman decided that communism must be stopped… problem was, how do you stop communism?II. The US and Western Europe1. Soviet Position2. American/Western PositionA. International Communism, The Truman Doctrine and the Marshall Plan1. President Trumana. Marshall Plan;i. Created by George C. Marshall, was created to give aid to any country in Europe that didn’t receive aid from the Soviet Union after WWII to show democracy was better than communismii. Grants not loans… stay democratic and capitalists b. Truman Doctrine; i. U.S. will support any and all democratic states throughout the world against the rise and tide of communism or communist threats ii. In place were communism already established the U.S. will assists resistance forces iii. In places were communism exists the U.S. will help to create and fund opposition2. Stalin’s Responsea. Berlin was a divided city and Stalin blockades Berlin in an effort to starve the people of Berlin and force westerners to pitch in.3. US Counter Responsea. Didn’t work because the U.S. air force was up the challenge and supplied citizens by air for 324 straight daysb. Stalin couldn’t starve Berlin and after the 324 days he temporarily lifted the blockadec. By 1947 Truman’s policy of containment seemed to be working and the U.S. had saved berlin from complete disaster.B. The Postwar Challenge in Western Europe (1950-1970)a. Europe recovered extremely fast by 1970. From a physical stand point they were fully recoveredi. In every western European country all right and leftists became obsolete. ii. Center left or right parties worked together to build their individual countries and Europe.b. Socialism was equated with communism, but for about 20 years parties that succeeded were those funded by the U.S.c. Worked gained more rights, freedoms, highly unionized, and powerful political entitiesi. There was social harmonyii. Working class was completely embraced by societyd. Western Europe also embraced migrant workersi. Problems begin to emerge in the late 1970 when rebuilding projects start to endii. In German working class had been killed on battlefields so they got workers from Turkey1. Turkey didn’t want them back and this is still a problem todaye. NATOi. Treaty alliance (defensive) to show solidarity against Stalin1. First time in European history the U.S. stayed involvedf. Collective securityi. Each state in the system accepts that the security of one is the concern of all, and agrees to join in a collective response to threats to, and breaches of, the peace.g. 1495-1949 U.S. had a monopoly on the Atomic bombi. Created assurance and fearh. Intra-European Cooperationi. France and Germans would work together on economic operation called then European Coal and Steel Communityii. ECSC grew into the European Common Market and then the European UnionIII. Soviet Union and Eastern Europe (1950-1991)1. Stalin’s Last Years (1945-1953)a. Stalin stays in power and almost immediately after the war is over he reverts to his old tricks by 1944 people realized the war wouldn’t be over.b. New slogan was that “The war on fascism is over, the war on capitalism begins”c. Hundreds of thousands of troops were purged and sent to gulagsd. Stalin’s plan to fix the economy with another 5 year plan e. Repression was brought back with full force and Stalin retrenched his power and was the absolute ruler.f. Staling accused Eastern European Jews of favoring westernersg. Staling died in 1953 2. De-Stalinization and Nikita Khrushcheva. There was no clear leader for a while after his deathb. 1953 new leader of Soviet Union was Nikita Khrushchevi. At a party meeting, he orders the meeting closed and gives the “secret speech”.ii. Details the horrors of Stalin throughout his reign iii. After the speech he was declared leader and started reform1. Old guards were retired from the party and new younger ones were brought in2. Five year plans were outlawed; relax heavy industry; emphasize on light industryiv. In another speech he makes it clear that he thinks it’s possible to work togetherc. Cuban Missile Crisis was resolved by the U.S. putting missiles in Turkey as leverage. Kennedy looked like a hero Khrushchev looked like an idiot…d. 1964 Khrushchev is pushed out and replaced by Brezhnev 3. Effects on Eastern Europea. Interpreted as a good sign the Pols decided they would push for more autonomy and got it along with the right to run their own internal affairs.b. Hungary didn’t want to be dominated by the Soviet Union and left the Warsaw pact. Also they would accept Marshall Aid if it was still offered; Khrushchev invaded Hungary b/c there was now a “chink the armor”.i. The U.S. backed down from helping4. Brezhnev and his Doctrinea. When he takes power he makes it clear that he is a Stalinist at heart and talks up the good part of Stalinization… reforms from Khrushchev was stopped… took back some autonomy b. Brezhnev’s decided to re-arm at a rapid pace bankrupted the Soviet Union and made it a military powerc. Several small revolts b/c he was robbing eastern European colonies in the process of his arms race.d. Brezhnev Doctrinei. Soviet Union and its allies has the right to intervene in any communists state were communism is threatened by capitalism5. The Gorbachev Era and the Enda. Most man who took office were old and died in office… b. 3 year period where the U.S. and its allies didn’t know who was running the Soviet Unionc. Gorbachev makes it clear that the subsides that were being paid to communist regimes would endd. In eastern Europe it meant that the soviet union would withdraw from eastern Europee. Economy collapse in the 1980sKey Terms:Gorbachev Marshall PlanGlasnost (openness; introduce new soviet police/ telling it like it is)Perestroika (Gorbachev introduced economic reforms in order to fix the soviet system)Brezhnev Doctrine Collective Security Warsaw Pact NATOEuropean Coal and Steel Community Truman