Lecture #36WOH 1030The Second World War 1939-1945I. Phase One in Europe (1939-1942)A. Hitler’s Western European Empire1. German/USSR Non-aggression Pacta. Germany wouldn’t invade the Soviet Union and Germany and Russia agree to split several countries among themselvesb. Denmark, Holland, Belgium and Nordic countries at the same time and all those countries fell2. Collapse of Polanda. Within about 4 weeks Poland was completely devastated 3. Fall of France and most of Western Europea. Dunkirk Evacuation a. Hitler stopped his advance on Dunkirk and gave British and French time to evacuate their men… would have been a lopsided German victoryb. 80% of British army was savedb. Marechal Petain and Vichy Francea. Legislature seeded all power to Marechal (war hero from Verdun)… given unlimited dictoral powerb. He surrenders to Nazis b/c he doesn’t see the need to even fightc. Vichy France… Puppet regime in France i. For a long time French historians had a hard time dealing with Vichy because it wasn’t talked about.ii. Many leaders of the French/Vichy government deported French Jews to concentration camps4. Great Britaina. “Battle/Blitz of Britain”a. Hitler decided after the evacuation he would take the British outb. The reason was to gain and maintain control of the airc. British Refused to yield and with American aid they resisted German air assaultsd. British had Radar and Radio so they could coordinate assaults before they were able to do maximum damage e. Ended in stalemate so Hitler turns his sights on central and eastern Europe B. Operation Barbarossa and Germany in Eastern Europe 1. Why the Operation Faileda. Barbarossa stretch from the Baltic to the Black Seab. Attack was so unexpected by Russians that Stalin refused to believe it and ordered officers not to fire b/c he believe Germans would never disregard the treaty… when he did realize it was too latec. Goal was Moscow and to push all Russians east and depopulate Russia then repopulate with Germans d. Slash and Burn by the soviets in there retreate. Operation Barbarossa should have succeeded it didn’t b/c i. Germans overran there supply lines… oilii. Balkans were Slavic and Hitler told them to submit…they didn’t... major anti- Nazi campaign by Joseph Tito aimed at stopping the Germans… majority of German army was bogged downiii. Mother Nature and Mother Russia1. Winter decimated German army… 2nd coldest in historyiv. The United States aid1. U.S. was meeting about 80% of the Soviet War needs… technically the U.S. was banned from given the soviets (communits) aid.2. FDR gave the British all kinds of equipment… some was sent to Russians by a. British controlled Iranb. Left from the west Coast of the U.S... ships to get lost on purposeC. Hitler’s “New World Order” and the Holocausts (plural not a typo)a. Pyramid with Ethnically pure Germans then everyone elsei. Racially related Nordic decent, Danes, Hollandii. French or Latin’s third class iii. Below French was subhuman1. Jewsb. Final solutioni. Eliminate everyone who wasn’t desirable ii. 6.2-6.5 mil Jews were killed iii. 6-8 mil other undesirables were killed (Roma/gypsies etc.)II. Phase one in Asia (1939-1942)A. Rape of Nankinga. Japanese army invades the Chinese army surrenders the city under false promise that Japanese would leave the city and citizens unharmedb. Received almost no international attention... western powers did nothingc. Didn’t further Japanese goals at allB. Japanese “Three All’s”a. Kill all Chineseb. Burn all that didn’t belong to a Japanese c. Destroy all^d. Didn’t work because the Japanese military were fight and couldn’t defeat both armiesC. Invasion of Indochina/US Responsea. FDR suspends all shipments of oil and steel… Japanese went on an aggressive campaign of adding territory to their empire. By 1939 British thought they would lose India and Australia b. But Japanese attack pearl harborD. Pearl Harbor a. They bomb pearl harbor thought they destroyed the U.S. naval fleet… they didn’t do as much damage as they thought they didb. U.S. is involved in WWIIc. Late 1941 Japanese empire is at its height…d. It takes almost a year for the U.S. to score victories in the southern pacificIII. Phase Two in Europe (1942-1945)A. The War in Africaa. Summer 1941-spring1942 it becomes clear to some people that the iermont failed to complete its mission in Moscowb. Hitler refused to acknowledge that realityc. He decides to take the fight to the Russians… risk everything and take Stalingrad because of its symbolic powerd. 300,000 German soldiers Stalingrad is completely surrounded but Russians never gave in and the Nazi’s never completely took the citye. Hitler’s officers propose a tactical retreat…. He says no and less than half of the soldiers were alivef. Red Army late 1942 German advances start to reverse rapidlyg. 1943 Stalin stars to pressure the U.S. and G.B. to open a second front… and it ends up in Africah. In 1943 Americans and British stop the German advance on the Suez Canal… force them to retreat and encourage a second front in Europe... Italyi. Italy was seen as the soft underbelly of fascist Europe… Mussolini is chased into hiding and the new government surrenders j. Hitler dispatched 10 of his best divisions to Italy to save Mussolini and set up government.k. Italy was split and some of the most bitter fighting occurred on the Italian peninsula… B. Italy1. Quite Literally Hanging out with Mussolinia. Eventually Germans cant withstand the rise and tide of the American’s and Germans retreat and Mussolini is hung by his feet by his own peopleC. The End of the Thousand Year Reich/ D-Day 6 June 1944a. D-Day is when Americans and G.B of invasion of Normandy b. Once beachhead was established war was overc. France is liberated… d. American armies and Red Army meete. German fanatics were killed in a basement and the war was over in the west f. In the intervening period there were several conferencesg. **Conference at Yalta** i. 1944; Anglo American and soviet allies began to plan for the post war periodii. At that point Stalin makes clear that he is willing to work with American if they are willing to work with him...iii. He wanted puppet/satellite states or a buffer between the USSR and Germany… Give Russia time to respond to military action and use resources in the buffer zone to make moneyiv. FDR agreedv. U.S. got a free hand with Japan and China vi. British got to keep