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FSU WOH 1030 - Exam 1 Study Guide

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WOH 1030 Exam 1 Study Guide French Revolution- Three causing factors:o Social crisis: French society was stratified into three orders: clergy, nobility, and the third estate. Most clergy and nobility did not pay taxes, were exempt from many laws, and owned a lot of land. There were long simmering conflicts due to the inequities in these classes that eventually bubbled to the surface.o Political crisis: after 1775 when they aided the American rebels, they became desperate for money. The king demands the clergy and nobility begin paying taxes. To get them to agree, the king created the Assembly of Notables, a small group of nobility and clergy the king believes he can bully into agreeing to new taxes. The Assembly refuses unless the king gives up some of his power to them. The Assembly then dissolves. The king calls on the Estates General – this elected body of representatives had not met since 1614. The king could not control this body, either.o Financial crisis: the Estates General made it very clear the new taxes the king proposed would not happen. When the Estates General convened, they refused to conduct any business. For the first time the third estate begins to flex their political power – they were the largest body in the Estates General. This created a gridlock, which is the start of the French Revolution. The Estates General becomes the French National Assembly in 1789. Taille: French direct land tax on the peasantry and non-nobles in the Old Regime. It was imposed on each household depending on how much landthey had.- Revoltso There are now revolts in the normally apathetic countryside. Peasants who had been docile revolted against their landlords – they ransacked the lords’ mansionsand burned their land contracts and they attacked weathervanes, a symbol of theprivilege of nobility.o Bastille prison: the Bastille was a symbol of the old monarchy. On July 14, 1789, amob attacked the Bastille. This was the bloodiest moment in the French revolution.o August 4, 1789 the National Assembly ended the old regime and feudalism. Now all Frenchman were equal in the eyes of the law – people became French citizens,not subjects of the king.- 1789-1791 Creation of a new order and restoration of the French stateo Not everybody agreed with the new order. Half the priests were laid off, lost theirtax exemptions, and had their land repossessed without compensation.- 1792-1794 The Tariffo After 1792, the revolution works on the premises of retribution and hunting down enemies of the revolution. This new phase began when the king’s power was limited. The king no longer supported the revolution, so he ordered 18,000 soldiers to Paris to demolish the National Assembly. Parisians arm themselves and begin rioting – they march 12 miles to Versailles and attack the king. The king becomes a prisoner. He attempts to escape to Varennes, but was arrested and taken back to Paris. This marks the distrust of the king and the rest of the world – chaos and terror ensue. This is where the terror begins.- Maximilien Robespierre and The Terroro Robespierre was the leader of the terror. The terror killed a majority of their political enemies.- Pillnitz Declaration**o Issued in the name of the Emperor of Austria and the King of Prussia.o Told the Frenchmen to reinstall the king and go back to how things were before.o The revolutionaries interpreted it to mean if they did not obey, the rest of Europewill invade France.- Elections of 1792o Everyone elected is a radical and intent on keeping the revolution in France, but also want to spread revolutions to the rest of Europe.o April 1792: war begins between France and the rest of Europe.- 1794o Other European leaders are looking for a way out of the war as the fighting stabilizes for the French.- The Directory 1794-1799o Early members were moderate, wanted peace and stability in the wars, and to carry on the work of the revolution.o Soon became corrupt. Often blamed for the emergence of Napoleon.o At first, they tried to wipe price control out, but after it devastated the economy, they tried to reimpose price control, which led to even more chaos.o Rewrote the constitution guaranteeing them executive power.o French people begin to hate the directory.o Army begins losing ground in Europe.o 1797 new elections were called. Many of those elected called for restoration of the old monarchy. The original directory nullified the results of the election and used the army to enforce it. A second terror ensued.o Napoleon led a coup d’état in 1799, marking the end of the French revolution.Napoleon- Brings stability to France:o The economy turned around – created the bank of France, which set a floor under the value of the currency.o Brought social stability by engineering contracts with powerful groups.o Healed the rift between the Catholic Church and the French state.- What he created:o Civil code – the French civil law.o Commercial code.o Code Napoleon – the criminal code. Still used today by over 100 countries as the basis of their legal code. A very important advancement for society.- Napoleonic expansion in Europeo 1801 Treaty of Luneville: strips away most of Austrian territories in Italy and Germany.o Peace of Amiens: allowed Napoleon to reorganize his territory in Europe. He made the British think he would stop expanding for a while, but he didn’t.o San Domain: Napoleon tried to retake it, but failed. This led him to sell Louisiana to Thomas Jefferson for the much needed money.o After 1803, war began again, Peace of Amiens was called off.o Great Britain, Russia, Prussia, and Austria create the Treaty of Tilsit Made Napoleon and Alexander I of Russia good friends. Took territory away from Austria. Made Prussia a puppet state of France.o Controls 2/3 of Europe in 1806. Begins to build his grand empire: (1) the core – France, Belgium, Luxemburg, and Holland (2) dependent client states – Prussia, Italy, and Spain. Installs a Frenchman on the throne of Italy and Spain. (3) the confederation of the rhine – the first unified German state – causes a resumption of warfare.o Reactive Nationalism (after 1808) Nationalism – strong sense of attachment to one’s country. Created underNapoleon as an effective war machine. With his warfare, the opposite occurs, especially in Spain.- Presence of French armies throughout Europe created reactive nationalism – they began to use their


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