CH 7 Values and Beliefs Valuing process by which information resources and energy are selected ordered by importance or assigned priority in terms of value Values come into play in all stages of the act of choice Every action decision and plan is based on our consciously or unconsciously held beliefs attitudes and values Values shape perceptions Values a concept that acts as a system of ideas and beliefs gives guidance about the worth of something influences our beliefs about what is right or best and impacts our decision making process They are anything that we hold dear prize or cherish Anything that influences an individual s decisions in choice decisions and give us direction and security in making our decisions Also it is anything that is capable of producing an emotional response Refers to the personal or social preferences of people They provide a basis for personal actions and provide guidelines for reaching decisions and resolving conflict In individual s values are personal feelings that direct actions They must be viewed as behaviors or actions since values cannot be seen Instrumental values Terminal values values that help in attaining a certain goal Instrumental values are the means by which terminal values are achieved Ex saving money for a large purchase terminal represents the means by represent the larger greater goals that are urgent which the desired purchase may be achieved Characteristics of values 1 Shape decisions 2 Serve as criteria for decision making 3 are internalized from the environment 4 Are ranked ordered prioritized 5 if actions are in conflict with values not attainable this may produce guilt 6 are a link to the social environment and nature of people living through values that are internalized from the environment and shape interactions Governing values decisions in several ways Value Classification Three categories Personal values character the manner in which an individual copes with every day living by applying one s beliefs and values Expressed through self discipline self motivation punctuality These are based on your personal needs and an individual acts on the values they consider desirable Moral values reflect one s concept of moral decency give us a sense of right and wrong and has to do with the responsibility to live in ways that protect the freedom and rights of others Expressed in honesty dependability integrity tolerance Social values Expressed through support justice equity recognition of the worth of Shown in relationships with others every human being Value orientation serves as a guide to human behavior and is used in the decision making process to solve problems in everyday life Since every situation isn t the same a person needs to be able to assimilate their beliefs and values in order to use them as guides for actions Activity orientation Being answers questions about nature of human behavior spontaneous expression of personality allowing expression for individuality as human being for what people are rather than for what they accomplish that person is becoming as a person Dominant value orientation of North America Stresses accomplishment and what one has in material goods concern for the person as a human being and what Being in becoming Doing Human nature orientation People nature orientation looks at an individuals qualities of good or evil One can be viewed as evil mixture of good and evil or as good and can be described as subjugation to nature harmony with nature or mastery over nature believe they are subject to nature feel there is considers the individual s relationship to nature Mastery over nature Subjugation to nature nothing they can do to control their destiny societies They believe human mastery and control prevail are interdependent Harmony with nature dominate orientation of people in industrial Ecological view that people and the environment Time orientation Relational orientation attached to preferences for present past or future Chinese culture is past oriented respect for elders strong family traditions American culture is future oriented planning ahead and viewing the past as outdated Lineal the relationships you have with other people refer to an emphasis on interpersonal relations based on behavioral similarities while permitting some differences within fixed customs Goals and traditions are important and the oldest member of a group takes charge when an issue arises groups emphasis on problem solving Part of the social order and the whole family is involved if a problem arises Not based on age or tradition Individualist yet the individual has the responsibility to the total society emphasizes the problem solving ability of the individual Collateral Functions of values Values provide an orientation and framework for the guidelines of peoples actions and behaviors 1 Standards of conduct provide guides or standards for which we praise or judge ourselves or others serve as a basis for enhancing and maintain our self esteem if our actions conflict our values we feel guilt 2 Decision making and conflict resolution 3 Motivation Process of valuing Values are present on a personal family and cultural level Personal Children develop a sense of trust after receiving their emotional and physical needs are met This is essential for them to learn empathy and internalize values for considering others Family Children learn the process of valuing through their parents in their earlier years Through these experiences they learn what is good and bad and If they are good they get rewarded If they are bad the get punished personal values begin to shape Cultural transmitted primarily within the family Since every generation of people is different children are faced with different problems compared to their parents so everyone makes decisions based on their governing values Transmission of values Approaches on values Reinforcement child is rewarded for behavior that reflects desired values and punished or not rewarded for behavior that contradicts approved values individual plays an active role in selecting values learning how to act from others People acquire values Values are internalized and the Modeling Adoption based on the belief in absolute values Absolute relativity approach Traditional authoritarian approach that have meaning apart from and external to people Values are external and come from a higher being ethical principles or moral rules of people the environment and the relationship between them Sees a
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