EXAM 2 Genetics Drugs How or through what mechanisms do genetics influence information processing at the individual system level Cortisol Fight or flight hormone Conflict and aggression stress Oxytocin the bonding hormone also acts on muscles around milk cells to activate them to release milk Delivers milk Released when making eye contact hugging holding hands cuddling having sex kissing playing music dancing Dopamine neurotransmitters Helps control the brain s reward and pleasure centers Increases by rewards food sex etc Helps regulate movement and emotional responses Many drugs cocaine meth etc amplify effects of dopamine Decrease in dopamine receptors leads to addiction Schizophrenia from too much dopamine and too little receptors Biological Changes There are hormonal fluctuations especially in different life stages Adolescence puberty increased hormones family has to adapt to changes in emotions and sexual needs wants of the adolescent Girls specifically start menstruating levels of estrogen progesterone and testosterone fluctuate Pregnancy Menopause Nutrition Body needs resources from the natural and human constructed environment in order to function Biological component of the natural environment the socio biological component of the human constructed environment Input used to have guidelines of the food pyramid now portions are visualized on the MyPlate icon with grains and vegetables as the two largest sized portions and protein and fruits a little smaller portions for every meal sweets are not even a component anymore Individual Factors Preferences Tastes Schedule Health illness food allergies etc Pregnancy may eat more eating for two Age Knowledge about nutrients in food Money I don t have enough money to eat healthy food Influence of the Family Pattering of interactions even if they are not around certain foods can remind one of the family Beliefs and values Teaching Socialization Rules having to finish everything on your plate Financial Resources Influence of Larger Environment Climate and Soil condition Food Availability Culture Media Cooking Mealtime Resources Ecosystem Impacts on Eating Financial resources human constructed env agriculture natural or human constructed env season natural env science advances human constructed human behavioral env nutrition knowledge human behavioral env food allergies human behavioral env physiological needs human environed unit religion human behavioral env Disease state age genetics hunger satiety levels Physical Activity Promotes growth and development in young children Enhances central nervous system functioning Socializes children and adolescents Fall asleep faster and sleep better Controls weight may increase appetite Improves muscle strength and boosts endurance improves mood and mental function prevents health problems like high blood pressure and stroke type 2 diabetes heart disease and depression and becomes fun for some people In matters of conduct both excess and deficiency are detrimental Aristotle Finding the mean or moderation by avoiding extremes Extremes trendy diets excessive exercise and eating disorders Golden Mean INDIVIDUAL SUBSYSTEM PERSONALITY Personality Characteristics Temperament Personality Birth Order Temperament Temperament tends to be very consistent over time but environmental factors and maturation can modify ways in which it s expressed Its influenced by genetic and biological factors Ancient medical concept of humorism 4 bodily fluids affected human personality traits and behaviors sanguine choleric melancholy and phlegmatic Nine Temperaments of Thomas and Chess 1977 pg 170 171 Behavioral dispositions believed to be a precursor of personality Describe ways in which individuals respond to interact with the environment 1 Activity level Motor activity refers to the frequency of spontaneous motor activity 2 Rhythmicity Regularity Time schedule Manifests itself in a preference that life be in sequence on a distinct schedule such as breakfast at seven dinner at six bedtime at tem with little or no deviation in daily routine 3 Approach and withdrawal Distance regulation Those behaviors that are represent an individual s approach to another individual to initiate social interactions or the opposite withdrawal from social encounters 4 Adaptability Flexibility A range that stretches from having the ability to adapt and give up old reference points to the need for having a requirement of the same things in the overall environment 5 Response threshold Responsiveness The responsiveness of individuals through the use of their senses 6 Intensity of Reaction Impulse control Impulse control under stress and how individuals react under stressful circumstances we usually either adapt by managing the stimuli or withdrawing shutting down and exploding 7 Mood Quality of mood refers to a continuum of responses ranging from happiness to sadness 8 Distractibility Conception The ability to concentrate even with distractions 9 Attention span Persistence The ability to stay present within a task High Low Temperament examples Can range from Adaptability stubborn Activity level calm vs crazy dogs Personality can be influenced by experience if a dog was abused before and causes them to be more shy and less active and this is on top of temperament which may have naturally been to be active and friendly with people until the abuse happened Temperament in Babies 1 Easy Babies Readily adapt to new experiences Tend to have more positive moods and emotions Normal eating and sleeping patterns 2 Difficult Babies Emotional irritable fussy cries a lot Irregular eating and sleeping pattern 3 Slow to warm up Babies Low activity level Withdraw from new situations and people Slow to adapt to new experiences but accept them after repeated exposure Temperament Birth Order Goodness of fit Match between environment and organism s temperament and styles of behavior Describes the interaction that occurs when the properties of the environment and its expectations are in accord with the organism s own capabilities motivations and styles of behavior Influences interactions among family members Ex slow paced parent and active child stress and friction which if both parent and child are active that s a better fit Temperament is a basic inherited style whereas personality is acquired on top of temperament Temperament natural instinct can be nurtured as one grows its expression is modified First Borns The achievers feel parental demands are high usually
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