1 FAD 3343 Summer 2014 Draft Study Guide and Prep Sheet for Examination 2 Chapters 6 9 Chapter 6 Friends Family Community Please be familiar with or be able to define or identify the following concepts terms or illustrations Changes in the American family post parental stage o Important transitions occur widowhood retirement remarriage and child s departure o Transitions lead to new ways of behaving changes in self concept and shifts in interdependence with kin and community changing relationships o Later life is influenced by culture and ethnicity gender socioeconomic level and past family patterns such as whether the person was childless or a parent Sibling relationships bonds and ties o Sibling relationships are usually the longest relationships in an individual s life If you have a brother or sister it s likely that you ll be a sibling from the time you are very young to either you or your sibling dies o There are as many different types of siblings as there are types of families o Character of the relationship tends to be similar throughout life but becomes stronger in later life o Baby boomers are the first cohort in history to have more siblings than children o Sibling tie is less binding than marriage or parent child but is important Bonds are reported to be second only to mother child ties in intensity and complexity Previous research on sibling contact pg 155 o Many older people have a sibling living nearby o Sibling generally maintain contact with one another and contact increases with old age o When an older people experiences the loss of a sibling it is much more consequential than it might have been earlier in life Siblings hold shared memories a common cultural background and earlier experiences of family belonging These qualities can never be shared by other family members As parents die children grow up and move out and health becomes frail sibling bond endures and deepens Benefit or disadvantage of having more sisters females and caregiving o Females maintain closer relationships with older family members than males o Ethos of Support encourages stronger norms of support for women 2 o Families with more sisters have an increased likelihood that parents both fathers and mothers will have assistance from their children o While having more brothers in a family decreases the likelihood among the men of being primary care provider for a frail parent s having more sisters increases the likelihood of being primary care provider o Parents of daughters are more likely to have support in old age Reasons why grandparents become parents of their grandchildren and their experiences o About 60 of those over 65 have grandchildren o Four generation families are becoming more common o People today are likely to become grandparents in their 50s o Grandparents provide Point of reference and identity for the grandchild Expansion of adult role models available to children A sense of historical and cultural rootedness o Grandparents can be playmates storytellers friends advocates providers of unconditional support or mentors o Differences in grand parenting styles Frequency of contact Activities engaged in with the grandchild Amount of financial assistance provided Level of shared intimacy Dorothy Apple study discussed on pg 159 o In societies such as the US where grandparents retain little control or authority over grandchildren the relationship is friendly and informal o Others have likewise observed that north American grandparents more than grandparents in other societies engage in companionable and indulgent relationships with their grandchildren and usually do not assume any direct responsibility for their behavior Distinguish between confidant and a companion o A confidant is someone to confide in and share personal problems with o A companion is one who regularly shares in activities and past times o A companion may be a confidant but not necessarily Understand and be able to define what is meant by convoy and what convoy studies have found o A study on social support networks uses a convoy model to provide detailed information showing that older individuals are in frequent contact with both family and friends 3 o The term convoy is used to evoke the image of a protective layer of family and friends who surround a person and offer support o Convoys made up of those family and friends travel through time with the individual with some members of the convoy traveling the entire way o In the late 1980s the average older convoy was reported in one major study of older persons to consist of about 9 members Femaleness Principle o More older people are women so more older women are available as friends o Women tend to be more engaged in network support activities across the o Sex commonality principle people tend to remain closer with same sex and family members lifespan than are men children and siblings o Women play more central roles I the network of unmarried people a pattern referred to as the femaleness principle o Relationship norms are more powerful than sex norms Children will provide support whether or not they are male or female Differentiate the role and meaning of religiosity spirituality and illness and positive mood o Dimensions of religiousness Intrinsic religion as a fundamental motive for living Extrinsic religion for social purposes or to justify politics Spirituality psychological sense of purpose and meaning Religiosity interaction with organized religion o Those with high intrinsic religiosity and spiritual well being have more hope and o Church and synagogue attendance is higher for older people than for younger positive moods people o Culture and ethnicity influence religiosity Ethnic group difference in church as a support system o More than 75 percent of all older African American adults are church members and at least half attend religious services at least once a week o Traditionally religion and church have been powerful sources of social support for older African Americans Chapter 7 Intimacy and Sexuality Please be familiar with or be able to define or identify the following concepts terms or illustrations 4 Differences in older men and women and marriage o Slightly less than half of Americans 65 are married and living with a spouse o Marriage or remarriage at ages 55 69 is becoming common o 3 4 of men 65 and over are married o Life expectancy is longer for women therefore they are more likely to be widowed than are men o Men are more likely to be
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