Study Guide Exam 3This guide includes everything from the text book , slides, and videos. Good luck! CHAPTER 11: Communication Communication- Symbolic transactional process that involvesCreating & sharing meaning All behavior is communicative Non-verbal, verbal, body language etc. Communication is essential to continuing relationships. Message sent is not necessarily what is received. There is a difference between hearing and listening. • Listening- actively listening/ thinking/ reacting• Hearing- merely hearing the sounds. Communication takes place internally & externally. Family Communication is not random Humans use both verbal & nonverbal communication Social media has changed the way we communicate. Cell phones, texting internet, media, Facebook, twitter, etc. Some people rarely use regular wall phones these days. Verbal Vs. Non-verbal communication Are often combined. Verbal--sounds, words, language, & speaking• 2 kinds—♦ Interpersonal♦ public speaking Words influence…• Emotions, senses of recipients &Messages that are received.• Everyone sees things and does things differently. Verbal K.I.S. Statements (K.I.S = keep it simple) • Be concise when speaking. There is no need to be extremely wordy. Could be appropriate at times, but usually not. Nonverbal--physical ways of communication (tone, touch, smell &body motion/language.)• Used to repeat or accent a verbal message.• Used to complement the verbal message.• A “steeple” message- deals with power and authority. ♦ Bad form of steeple- pointing at you ( kind of like using finger as a weapon) Nonverbal Messages: Environmental Context• Produced by the broad setting, chronemics• Chronemics- use of time ( pause or silence) ♦ Mono-chromic people- do 1 thing at a time. ♦ Poly-chronic people- do many things at once• Proxemics- use and perception of space. Cultural differences – may make things hard to interpret cross culturally. • General Appearance & Dress• Bodily Movement• Posture• Facial Expressions• Eye Contact & Gaze• Touch• Smell• Paralanguage- vocal characteristics that you do when you yawn, cry, burp, etc. ( the sounds, faces, volumes you do these things) • Gestures Some people don’t like hand shaking because: • Germs/Hygiene 62%• Awkward 15%• Don’t Like Touching 7%• Grip-Weak or Firm 5%• Do Not Know Person 5%• Sweaty Palms 4%• Prefers Hugs 2% Communication roles The Communicator - Person who creates & sends message• Factors influencing message:♦ Gender Report vs. rapport talk. Females tend to have rapport talk including self-disclosure, more body language, eye contact, etc. Men tend to have more report talking. Concise and straight to the point, less eye contact, more distractions. ♦ Appearance♦ Posture♦ Facial expressions♦ Gestures♦ Mannerisms♦ Tone of voice♦ Furnish our surroundings The Recipient - The communicator must understand the receiver & be aware of the context in which the receiver or audience will take in a message. The message that is sent is not necessarily what is received. All based on perception and listening. Family Communication- family rules that mean certain things. Can change over time. Family of Origin Family Communication Rules- who can talk to who and what are appropriate things to say. Explicit & Implicit Rules Explicit rules - Implicit rules- Functions of Rules What can be talked about How can it be talked about To whom it can be talked about Communication patterns Horizontal Chain (Negotiable Rules) Vertical Chain (Non-negotiable Rules) Circle chain- Y chain- Wheel- gap chain- Network - Tier -0---0---0---00---0---0---00---0---0---0FAMILY STRESS, CHANGE AND ADAPTATION It can be positive &/or negative.Some enjoy the “adrenaline rush.” Stressor- A stimulus or event with potential to cause stress Physical—External to the system, primarily NE Social—Traumatic or pleasant events ( married, graduating, parties, death in family) Psychological—Strong emotions( fear, anxiety, emotions related to abuse) Can be bad or good Examples: Papers or projects due Time constraints Moving Marriage Breaking up or Divorce Having a baby Stress- Reaction/response to a stressor Involves pressure vs. adaptability Stressor is an “event” / stress is a “response.” Naturally occurring & certain amount is needed to get things done. Crisis- Person or system is unable to handle stress. A stressor…no matter how big does NOT automatically lead to a crisis. REMEMBER… Stressor is the EVENT Stress is the RESPONSE Crisis is the PROCESS of not being able to handle the stressor & accompanying stress!!! Family stress- --state of tension arising when demands tax a family’s resources. Family Crisis- sharper jolt to a family. Crisis--3 interrelated ideas• Crisis involves change ( change in family structure, roles, etc.) • Crisis is a turning point( health issue, and you change the configuration of your family) • Crisis is a time of relative instability( move away from family homeostasis) ABC-X model ABCX A – Stressor event ( family stressors) • Addition of family member• Loss of family member• AMBIGUOUS LOSS- loss of a family member can be physical orpsychological……will explain more below. • Sudden change in family income or status• Conflict over family roles• Care for disabled or dependent family member• Demoralization• Daily hassles• Crisis overload characteristics of a stressor- Expectedness (Normative ( expected) vs. Non-normative( not expected) Source (Extra family vs. Intra family)• Extra- outside of the family. Usually others from outside of the family help. • Intra- inside of the family. This is usually worse of the two. Very disruptive to the family. It includes things like abuse, alcoholism, etc. Timing (Onset & Duration)• Onset- when it begins. Sudden?• Duration- how long it lasts Effects (Family Configuration & outcome)• Event can affect family roles, etc. Type of Event (Impact, control, status shift)• Lose your job? Shifts financial and living situations. B = CRISIS MEETING RESOURCES Personal Resources Family’s Internal Resources Family Cohesion- families
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