Exam 2 Study Guide CHAPTER 5 Perception process of meaningfully organizing sensations to gain useable picture of world Perceiving active process of interpreting giving meaning to the environment 1 Seeing an image 2 Taking in sensory stimulation input 3 Organization of materials process 4 Some type of action output Filtering Physical factors Social factors Individual Factors Information from the environment is received through the body s physical sensory mechanisms Input forms an image is interpreted for understanding Perceptions filtered through the social system o What society considers good or bad o Social norms Language limits influences meanings we establish o Ex If someone were to say something to you in a different language you may think that they mean something other than what they are saying They could be cursing you out and you take their meaning as them inviting you to lunch Abilities experiences influence a person s meanings interpretation processes o Assumptions about human behavior How you personally feel people should behave in different situations Ex When someone does something wrong they should apologize If you assume they are going to apologize and do not your output may be to yell at them for not apologizing o Expectations o Knowledge What you expect out of different circumstances You act on certain things based on what you already know about it Ex On a dance team you don t get picked to perform in a football game The way you react is based upon whether or not you have the prior knowledge that you are a rookie and that you are on weight probation If you didn t already know these things not being picked would come as a shock to you o Personal moods How you currently feel affects how you react to certain things Ex If someone accidentally bumps into you and you are in a good mood you don t mind as much On the other hand if you were already in a bad mood you re output may be different You may have punched that person in the face instead fail 3 steps used to attach meaning to experiences 1 Selection Intensity a b Repetition c Motivation 2 Organization a Arrange data in a meaningful way b Age of perceiver 3 Interpretation factors influencing interpretation a Past experiences b Assumptions about human behavior c Expectations d Personal moods Physiological Influences on Perception These are pretty obvious but I threw in some examples just in case you didn t get it Odor If you are an elf and live with Santa Claus and have to live through the winter Taste If you live in the middle of nowhere and you eat seafood you may think that the food is really fresh On the other hand if you live on the coast and know what real fresh seafood tastes and you GO to the middle of nowhere you would think that the seafood there is doo doo If you live in a house full of dogs you don t mind and or notice the smell of animals But if you have never lived in a house full of dogs and or animals you may think that the house smells like a zoo Temperature there then you go to Tallahassee and people say the 20 degree weather is freezing You probably think they re crazy and think they deserve coal for Christmas Touch someone else s jacket who says that fur is real You know they re full of doodie Vision If you are caveman and you live in a cave and have never seen daylight then you walk out of your cave you might be blinded and think its way too bright outside As opposed to a normal person who spends a good amount of their time outside they don t think it s blinding at all Loudness If you have the radio on really loud and you forget to turn it down before leave your car and then you get back in your car and turn the radio back on you ll probably freak out and wonder why in the world you had your music so loud If you own a jacket and you can tell that the fur is real by touching it and then you touch You re a smart cookie you can think of a few other ones Other Interpretation Gaining Meaning Assimilation Individual receives input from the environment There is existing knowledge of the information Person takes information identifies it places into existing category Ex a person perceives a familiar image such as an animal that it immediately recognizes as a dog Accommodation Environment influences person prompts mind to change its internal functioning in terms of external world A person sees something that doesn t fit into an existing category must make a new category for it o Ex If you love texting but your significant other hates texting In order to accommodate this situation you don t text them as much Cognitive maps the interpretations or pictures in our minds Field independence people that are highly sensitive to stimuli from their own bodies irrespective of outside environmental stimuli These individuals perceive themselves as highly differentiated from their environment and tend to remain independent of it They are relatively unaffected by authority and are guided by their own needs and values Field dependence persons are very sensitive to the environment and rely on others for guidance Maslow s Hierarchy to guide perception 3 Belonging and love needs thirst and hunger are dominating needs may dictate a preference for familiar rather than new things and for a predictable 1 Physiological needs 2 Saftey needs orderly world experiences the need for a close emotionally satisfying relationship w others desire for self respect self esteem and the esteem of others considered the highest of needs and emerge after the first four have been adequately satisfied Self actualization refers to the realization of one s potential and ideals when the first two are met to a satisfying degree individual 4 Esteem needs 5 Self Actualization Cultural emphasis on female sensitivity to the needs of others on women as people oriented rather than task or achievement oriented Women are more dependent on internal cues in decision making and less assertive than men on Gender differences the average Characteristics of Perception Proximity Stimuli or objects close together are perceived as part of the same group o Nine squares placed w out proximity are perceived as separate shapes o When squares are given close proximity unity occurs They continue to be separate shapes but are now perceived as 1 group Similarity grouped together Stimuli or objects w similar characteristics size shape color or form tend to be The 11 distinct objects appear as a single unit because all of the shapes have similarity Unity occurs because the
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