FAD3271 Test 2O-EIndividuals & Family Systems receive information through 4 major processes1. Perceiving (Perception) (Chapter 5) 2. Spacing (Space & Time) (Chapter 6)3. Valuing (Values & Beliefs (Chapter 7) 4. Deciding (Decision Making) (Chapter 8)Self Concept/ esteem: people’s perception of themselves – Week 7 Perceiving Seeing an image->Taking in sensory stimulation (input)->Organization of materials (process)->Some type of action (output)Perception--process of meaningfully organizing sensations to gain useable picture of worldPerceiving--active process of interpreting & giving meaning to the environment Filtering Process involves:Physical Factors Information from environment is received through the body’s physical sensory mechanisms. Input forms an image & is interpreted for understanding. Social Factors Perceptions--filtered through the social systemLanguage limits & influences meanings we establishIndividual Factors Abilities & experiences influence a person’s meanings & interpretation processes - Assumptions about human behavior, Expectations, Knowledge, Personal Moods- 3 Steps used to Attach Meaning to Experiences 1. Selectionn Intensityn Repetition n Motivation2. Organizationn Arrange data in a meaningful way n Age of perceiver3. Interpretation- Factors influencing interpretationn Past experiencesn Assumptions about human behavior n Expectationsn Knowledgen Personal moods Physiological Influences on Perceptionn Tasten Odorn Temperature n Touchn Visionn Loudnessn Other Interpretation- Gaining Meaning- Assimilation--Individual receives input from the environment --There is existing knowledge of the information --Person takes information,identifies it, & places into existing category- Accommodation--Environment influences person & prompts mind to change its internal functioning in terms of external world--A person sees something that doesn’t fit into an existing category & must make a new category for it. Characteristics of Perceptual OrganizationProximity- Stimuli or objects close together are perceived as part of the same group Nine squares placed without proximity They are perceived as separate shapes When squares are given close proximity, unity occurs They continue to be separate shapes, but are now perceived as 1 group Similarity- stimuli or objects with similar characteristics (size, shape, color or form) tendto be grouped together The 11 distinct objects appear as a single unit because all of the shapes have similarity Unity occurs because the triangular shapes at the bottom of the eagle symbol look similar to the shapes that form the sunburst When similarity occurs, an object can be emphasized if dissimilar to others – anomaly The figure on the far right becomes focal point because it is dissimilar to other shapes - Continuity- stimulus or objects that seem to form continuous patterns are perceived as wholeContinuity occurs because viewer’s eye will follow a line or curve.The smooth flowing crossbar of the “H” leads eye to the maple leaf- Closure- stimuli that seem to form part of a whole tend to be perceived together as if the total pattern were there When the viewer’s perception completes a shape, closure occurs Although the panda is not complete, enough is present for eye to complete the shape- Contiguity- stimuli occurring in close proximity in time & space; something touching or in contact Contiguous states in U.S. Scandinavia Perceptual BlindnessVisual system can focus on only one or very few objects at a time Brain is fills gaps & compiles a cohesive portrait of reality based on a flickering view Visual attentiveness – limited resources More information than you can analyze & process In deciding what to focus on, the brain essentially only takes in that information RulesPerception has physical, cognitive, emotional, & individual characteristicsPerceiver affects what is perceivedEnvironment in which perception occurs is importantSense organs are not as important as integration of processing functionsWeek 2 Symbolic Interactionism Origins of Symbolic Interactionism Early 1900s Industrial Revolution Pragmatist Philosophers Meaning comes from our interactions with objects – not from objectsthemselves Meaning is negotiated through use of language People can change society through communication & interactionPrinciple Scholars1. George Herbert MeadHow we develop our sense of self: Play Stage Practice, imitate, imagine role of only 1 person at a time Game Stage Understand many perspectives, family roles, group fit Generalized Other Predict how behaviors affect society, understand norms2. Charles Horton Cooley Looking-glass self3. William Isaac Thomas Family has role in socialization Definition of situation, different interpretations Subjective opinion valued, has real consequences4. Herbert Blumer 1st to use phrase “symbolic interactionism”Basic Assumptions We understand & relate to our environment based on the symbols that we know or learn We react to something according to the meaning that thing has for us We learn about meaning through interactions with others, we make value judgments We interpret what’s learned, we aren’t passive We must have a sense of self to interact with others based on our meaning of situations Infants are asocial, develop sense of self as they interact, not born with temperament Sense of self motivates future behavior, we reflect on experiences & use them as guide We are born into environment with symbols & values assigned at birth We are influenced by cultural norms, values, & changing societal expectations We learn rules & values of society through everyday interactions within our cultureSymbolsThe meaning of symbols is: Learned from interacting Based on way we see others using them May not be the same in different situations Based on context of current environmentInteraction Social behavior between two or more people Some type of communication takes place They react & modify their behavior Necessary part of socializationGestures Nonverbal communication (e.g. facial expressions) Acts that represent something elseSocial Norms & Rituals- Social Norms Expectations of how to act & when We adapt our
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