!1!FAD3271 – Exam 2 Study Textbook Study Guide: Chapter 5- Perceiving Perceiving: a process of gathering information. - Individual & family information come from the process of perceiving - It is a active process of interpreting and giving meaning to the environment - Information or “input” is received through the body’s physical sensory mechanisms o This input forms an image and is interpreted for understanding = perception Perception: the process of meaningfully organizing sensations, or the process of how we assemble sensations into useable pictures/models of the world. - Perception is the individuals first stage of choice - Contains a feeling and a real wonder for life - Perceptions become the meanings, beliefs, and values that influence individual and family actions/ decision making - The human mind processes perceptions of input from the environment and adapts in 2 ways: (1- assimilation, 2- accommodation) o Assimilation: the process where the mind receives an information input from the environment There is already existing knowledge of the information, a familiar pattern already exists The information is placed into an “existing category” o Accommodation: the complementary process when the environment influences the person and prompts the mind to change its internal functioning in terms of the external world An individual see’s something that does not fit into an existing category, the internal functioning changes to create a new category= accommodation - The complementary process of assimilation and accommodation form a dynamic equilibrium while regulating cognitive activity. - Social factors such as language, cultural background, customs, attitudes filter perceptions o Learning a new language/ new cultural backgrounds ext… will expand our social perceptions - Individual factors such as personal history, personal abilities and experiences also effect our perceptions “lens” Process of Perception: Cognitive Maps - Cognitive Map/ Mental Map: are images about an area or an environment developed by an individual on the basis of information or impressions, which the individual receives, interprets, codes, and stores. o Simply the interpretations or pictures in our mind o Mental maps include the emotional meaning of the setting or context - Age is an important factor in developing factor in perception; broadens with age - How individuals perceive the environment and how they perceive themselves are related - Field Independent: people are highly sensitive to stimuli from their own bodies. o Remain independent!2!- Field dependent: people who are highly sensitive to the environment and rely on others for guidance - Internally directed people perceive themselves as being able to control a situation - Externally directed people believe that fate has preordained what will happen, and the powerful “others” and or environment conditions will control the situation o The perception of internality or externality is believed to be developed early in life within the family setting - Certain stimuli influence the way patterning and organization occur in the process of perceiving: o Proximity: ex. Students sitting together in a classroom are perceived as members enrolled in the class o Similarity: ex. All dogs, regardless of breed/ appearance are dogs o Continuity: ex. Pictures in a story book placed in a series of a continuous pattern are assumed to be part of one story o Closure: ex. Tendency to form shapes with minimal cues. An drawing of a unfinished face o Contiguity: occurring simultaneously or in close proximity in time and space, lake Michigan’s contiguity to the state of Michigan. - 5 interrelated processes that occur almost simultaneously during perception: o Affect: emotional impact of perception o Orientation: becoming acquainted or familiar with any situation o Categorization: developing categories for similar objects and events o Systematization: identification of regularities in the environment o Manipulation: active process of the perceiver, design the environment and create change - Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs: o 1- physiological needs: thirst, hunger, safety, love o 2- safety needs: protection from dangers in the physical environment o 3. Belonging/ love: individuals needs for close, emotionally and relationships o 4. Esteem: desire for self respect, self esteem, and esteem for others o 5. Self actualization: highest of needs, realization of ones potential and ideals - Ch 6. – Space & Time - Space: the 3D expanse in which events, actions, and processes occur and in which energy and matter exist - Territoriality: the emotional attachment to and the defense of home ground - Privacy: what information an individual communicates with others - Personal space: the zone of privacy and separation from others our culture or physical circumstances require or permit - Activity space: within an area which we move freely during our daily activities - Awareness space: knowledge of opportunity locations beyond normal activity space, is minimal, distorted and sometime absent - Fixed featured space: refers to the physical space organized by unmoving boundaries, often referred to as psychological boundaries - Semi-fixed feature space: refers to flexible space created by the arrangement of furniture and other movable objects!3!- Informal space: refers to the way people handle the individual or spatial needs according the situation - Intimate space: allows closeness and encourages expressions of behaviors such as hugging, whispering, and talking softly - Personal space: encourages interpersonal discussions, decision-making, conflict resolution, and the sharing of emotions - Social space: usually used by small groups to engage in social or business conversations, often used when introducing individuals - Public space: allows for short discussion/ greetings from a distance. Also designated for public speaking or some type of public forum Time & Relationships: - 3 domains that closely relate to individuals and family systems: o 1. Individual time o 2. Social time o 3. Cultural time - Perception of time is closely linked to: o Time sense o When a person is alarmed/ exposed to danger o Pain
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