FAD3271 Test 3 Study Guide Chapter 11 – Communication- Communication – a symbolic transactional process that involves creating and sharing meaningo a circular cumulative process (no distinguishable beginning or end)o involves sending and receiving informationo humans use both verbal and nonverbal communication- Assumptions about communication:o 1) Family communication is not randomo 2) Communication is transactional o 3) It is impossible not to communicate!- Verbal vs. Nonverbal communicationo Verbal – sounds, words, language and speaking 2 kinds – interpersonal and public speakingo nonverbal – physical ways of communication (tone, touch, smell and body motion)o used to repeat or accent a verbal message- Nonverbal messages Environmental Contexto Chronemics – use of time (pause or silence) Mono-chronic people do one thing at a time Poly-chronic people do many things at onceo Proxemics – use and perception of space- Elements of the Communication Processo (1) The Communicator person who creates and sends the message we communicate by our entire body presenceo (2) The Message Messages – the units of information transmitted between sender and receiver- 4 parts:o (1) A subject telling who the action of the message is abouto (2) A predicate telling the receiver what is being doneo (3) An object showing to whom the action is directedo (4) The content of the actiono (3) The Medium Medium – The way a message is presented to the recipient- Ex) TV – cost prohibits long messages, therefore advertising has been shaped to fit a product’s sales pitch into a short time frame o (4) The Recipient Recipient – the receiver of the message- Three factors contributing to the development of family meaningso (1) family-of-origin influences The family into which we are born If the adults had similar communication rules and patterns while growing up in their family of origin, the transition to a new family system is easier Our family teaches us many of our perceptions and filters many otherso (2) Family communication rules rules – relationship agreements that prescribe and limit a family’s behavior over time Explicit rules – beliefs that are recognized, acknowledged and known by a family and often can be talked about- More formalized because they are spoken- Ex: Children can have friends visit only when parent is home Implicit rules – hidden from view- not discussed - invisibility makes the rules powerful- present in the community, schools, universities, the workplace and social organizationso (3) Rule Development The world we live in is governed by rules (particularly communication rules) Most learned by repeated interactions Rules must be renegotiated as family members mature and go through developmental stages- Ex: young family member may not be allowed to disagree with adult decisions BUT when members reach 16, adults should be listening to their reasons and disagreements, negotiating in different ways The Function of Ruleso Three guidelines: (1) What can be talked about- refers to subjects open for discussion - most families have topics they don’t discuss (2) How it can be talked about- most families have rules of how to communicate that lead to communication strategieso Ex: “we’ll break this news to dad after he has had a good meal” (3) To whom can it be talked about - depends on age for some familieso Androgyny – refers to the human capacity for members of both sexes to be masculine and feminine in their behaviors- Gender and Communicationo Women use language to enhance intimacy while sharing their feelingso Men are less expressive Defend their independence by distancing and avoiding any discussion of their feelings Dominate and forceful when showing emotions- Family Communication Frameworkso Patterned channels of information flow become the communication network used in the familyo Horizontal communication – when one sibling askssomething of another sibling (equal status)o Vertical communication – occurs when power differences influence the path of communication Occurs in families with non-negotiable parental rules such as curfews- Communication Patternso (1) Horizontal chain (negotiable rules) Circle chain Vertical chain (non-negotiable rules)- Pattern resembling a chain has a hierarchy built into it with messages processed through individual members from an authority figure (mom or dad)o (2) Y Wheel- The y and the wheel have a pivotal person, usually mom, in the centero (3) Gap- A gap pattern describes a lack of information exchange Tier Network- The network pattern provides two-way communication channels between all family members______________________________________________Chapter 12 – Family Stress, Change and Adaptation- Stressor, Stress, Crisiso Stressor – a stimulus or event with potential to cause stress Physical – external to the system, primarily natural environment (chemicals, noise, temperature)- Can be damaging but often a person canavoid them, anticipate them or plan ahead for them Social – traumatic or pleasant events- Most difficult to handle and can cause most severe stressful response, but don’t happen often (death of loved one) Psychological – strong emotions (fear, anxiety, panic)- The most DAMAGING stressorso Stress – response/reaction to a stressor Involves pressure vs. adaptability Stressor is an “event/stress is a “response” Naturally occurring and certain amount is needed to get things doneo Crisis – person or system is unable to handle stress A stressor...no matter how big, does NOT automatically lead to a crisis Remember- Stressor = event- Stress = response- Crisis = process not being able to handle the stressor and accompanying stress- Family Stress and Crisiso Family stress – state of tension arising when demands tax a family’s resourceso Family crisis – sharper jolt to a familyo Crisis - 3 interrelated ideas (involves change)- ABC-X Modelo A = Stressor event Ex: new member in family, loss, sudden change in income, etc.o B = Crisis Meeting Resources Personal resources Family’s internal resources - Family cohesion- Family adaptability Social Supporto C = Definition of event Meaning family attributes to event- Objective- Cultural- Subjective Factors influencing definition- Nature of event- Degree of hardship- Family’s previous experience- How
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