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FAD3271 Test 3 Study Guide Chapter 11 – Communication- Communication – a symbolic transactional process that involves creating and sharing meaningo a circular cumulative process (no distinguishable beginning or end)o involves sending and receiving informationo humans use both verbal and nonverbal communication- Assumptions about communication:o 1) Family communication is not randomo 2) Communication is transactional o 3) It is impossible not to communicate!- Verbal vs. Nonverbal communicationo Verbal – sounds, words, language and speaking 2 kinds – interpersonal and public speakingo nonverbal – physical ways of communication (tone, touch, smell and body motion)o used to repeat or accent a verbal message- Nonverbal messages Environmental Contexto Chronemics – use of time (pause or silence) Mono-chronic people do one thing at a time Poly-chronic people do many things at onceo Proxemics – use and perception of space- Elements of the Communication Processo (1) The Communicator person who creates and sends the message we communicate by our entire body presenceo (2) The Message Messages – the units of information transmitted between sender and receiver- 4 parts:o (1) A subject telling who the action of the message is abouto (2) A predicate telling the receiver what is being doneo (3) An object showing to whom the action is directedo (4) The content of the actiono (3) The Medium Medium – The way a message is presented to the recipient- Ex) TV – cost prohibits long messages, therefore advertising has been shaped to fit a product’s sales pitch into a short time frame o (4) The Recipient Recipient – the receiver of the message- Three factors contributing to the development of family meaningso (1) family-of-origin influences The family into which we are born  If the adults had similar communication rules and patterns while growing up in their family of origin, the transition to a new family system is easier Our family teaches us many of our perceptions and filters many otherso (2) Family communication rules rules – relationship agreements that prescribe and limit a family’s behavior over time Explicit rules – beliefs that are recognized, acknowledged and known by a family and often can be talked about- More formalized because they are spoken- Ex: Children can have friends visit only when parent is home Implicit rules – hidden from view- not discussed - invisibility makes the rules powerful- present in the community, schools, universities, the workplace and social organizationso (3) Rule Development The world we live in is governed by rules (particularly communication rules) Most learned by repeated interactions Rules must be renegotiated as family members mature and go through developmental stages- Ex: young family member may not be allowed to disagree with adult decisions BUT when members reach 16, adults should be listening to their reasons and disagreements, negotiating in different ways The Function of Ruleso Three guidelines: (1) What can be talked about- refers to subjects open for discussion - most families have topics they don’t discuss (2) How it can be talked about- most families have rules of how to communicate that lead to communication strategieso Ex: “we’ll break this news to dad after he has had a good meal” (3) To whom can it be talked about - depends on age for some familieso Androgyny – refers to the human capacity for members of both sexes to be masculine and feminine in their behaviors- Gender and Communicationo Women use language to enhance intimacy while sharing their feelingso Men are less expressive Defend their independence by distancing and avoiding any discussion of their feelings Dominate and forceful when showing emotions- Family Communication Frameworkso Patterned channels of information flow become the communication network used in the familyo Horizontal communication – when one sibling askssomething of another sibling (equal status)o Vertical communication – occurs when power differences influence the path of communication Occurs in families with non-negotiable parental rules such as curfews- Communication Patternso (1)  Horizontal chain (negotiable rules) Circle chain Vertical chain (non-negotiable rules)- Pattern resembling a chain has a hierarchy built into it with messages processed through individual members from an authority figure (mom or dad)o (2)  Y Wheel- The y and the wheel have a pivotal person, usually mom, in the centero (3)  Gap- A gap pattern describes a lack of information exchange Tier Network- The network pattern provides two-way communication channels between all family members______________________________________________Chapter 12 – Family Stress, Change and Adaptation- Stressor, Stress, Crisiso Stressor – a stimulus or event with potential to cause stress Physical – external to the system, primarily natural environment (chemicals, noise, temperature)- Can be damaging but often a person canavoid them, anticipate them or plan ahead for them Social – traumatic or pleasant events- Most difficult to handle and can cause most severe stressful response, but don’t happen often (death of loved one) Psychological – strong emotions (fear, anxiety, panic)- The most DAMAGING stressorso Stress – response/reaction to a stressor Involves pressure vs. adaptability Stressor is an “event/stress is a “response” Naturally occurring and certain amount is needed to get things doneo Crisis – person or system is unable to handle stress A stressor...no matter how big, does NOT automatically lead to a crisis Remember- Stressor = event- Stress = response- Crisis = process not being able to handle the stressor and accompanying stress- Family Stress and Crisiso Family stress – state of tension arising when demands tax a family’s resourceso Family crisis – sharper jolt to a familyo Crisis - 3 interrelated ideas (involves change)- ABC-X Modelo A = Stressor event  Ex: new member in family, loss, sudden change in income, etc.o B = Crisis Meeting Resources Personal resources Family’s internal resources - Family cohesion- Family adaptability Social Supporto C = Definition of event Meaning family attributes to event- Objective- Cultural- Subjective Factors influencing definition- Nature of event- Degree of hardship- Family’s previous experience- How


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FSU FAD 3271 - Chapter 11 – Communication

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