Exam 3 Study Guide Chapter 7 Values and Beliefs process by which information resources and energy are selected ordered Valuing by importance or assigned priority in terms of value Values ideas about what is good right worthwhile or wrong anything that influences an individual s decisions in choice situations anything capable of producing an emotional response Functions of Values 1 Set standards of conduct How we think we should act Compare and judge others and ourselves If our actions conflict with our values we feel guilt 2 Make decisions and resolve conflict 3 Motivate and guide behavior Types of Values Value Classification Personal immediate values that help facilitate reaching a Instrumental values certain goal Instrumental values help to achieve terminal values larger greater goals that we want to achieve Terminal values Moral Right and wrong has to do with the responsibility to live in character the manner in which an individual copes with every day living by applying one s beliefs and values ex Punctuality orderliness etc ways that protect the freedom and rights of others ex Honesty tolerance fairness etc Social respect for law recognition of worth in others etc shown in relationships with others ex Cooperation support set of values that are experiences by everyone Core Universal Values not culture specific 1 Love 2 Truthfulness 3 Fairness 4 Freedom 5 Unity 6 Tolerance 7 Responsibility 8 Respect for life These values were determined by 24 ethical leaders across the world we have to question the validity of this because it may not pertain to people of all social and economic classes Valuing as a Process Information resources and energy are selected from environment ranked by importance and assigned priority Valuing is a throughput Input Valuing Output Sorry I couldn t find matching clipart Feedback Transmission of values Values come from the exo micro macro chrono and mesosystems 3 mechanisms transmit values 1 Reinforcement rewarded for behavior that fits with desired values and punished or not rewarded for behavior that does not fit 2 Modelling learning what to do from others 3 Adoption values are internalized individual plays an active role in selecting values Transmitting values is a reciprocal process Value Orientation serves as a guide to human behavior and is used in decision making processes to solve problems in every day life Types of orientations 1 Activity orientation answers questions about nature of human behavior Can be one of three cultural preferences a Being c Doing b Being in becoming spontaneous expression of personality allows for expression of individuality as a human being for what they are rather than what they accomplish what that person is becoming as a person material goods These orientations occur on a scale no single culture consists fully of only one orientation 2 Human Nature Orientation dominant in North America Stresses accomplishment and has concern for the person as a human being and looks at individuals qualities of good and evil considers individual s relationship to nature Related to ethics Varies between being subject to nature not having control being in harmony with nature or mastry over nature control nature industrialized nations oriented one or more of three preferences preferences to present past or future America is future relates to relationships with other people Can have 3 People Nature Orienation 5 Relational Orientation 4 Time Orientation a Lineal emphasis on interpersonal relations based on behavioral similarities while permitting some differences within fixed customs Group goals and tradition are important Family lines are most important individual still has responsibility to the total society group emphasis on problem solving Part of a social order emphasizes problem solving ability of the individual yet b Collateral c Individualist Perspectives on Values 2 Absolute Relativity absolute view of right and wrong 1 Traditional Authoritarian Approach all values are relative no absolutes Emphasis on Important to live by set standard Values are external perhaps from a higher power personal views actively and intrinsically motivated Interaction between people and environment Paradigm shift fundamental reordering of the way we see the world around us In a culture this does not happen immediately but rather takes four steps 1 A few individuals find they have satisfied those needs that preoccupy a developmental approach Holistic view People are 3 Organism Structural majority of the culture ex Hunger and safety needs When basic needs are met people can turn to higher order needs 2 To satisfy these higher order needs individuals try out and adopt new set of values which in time form basis for new paradigm 3 The changed environment created by technology and resulting from economy provide work for people who are exposed to the emerging value shift but still hold the old values 4 Gradually as new values gain wider acceptance and embrace larger numbers of people the new needs and values are adopted by a greater part of the culture thus forming a new paradigm Chapter 8 Decision making Decision making what actions to pursue Decision action Decisions have two components 1 Conflicts process by which we consider choices evaluate them and decide a choice among alternatives selection of commitment to a course of occur when a values held by individuals within the family are different from each other or those held outside of the family b there is a difference between goals and goal achievement c changes in environment or new technological developments occur d changes occur within family such as normal developmental changes or occupational income changes must be two or more options so that there is a choice to be made 2 Alternatives Ten characteristics of decision making 1 Is considered to be universal part of every day life 2 Involves information processing information must be acquired from environment input must be analyzed throughput the family makes a decision output and receives feedback in response to the output 3 Involves choice among alternatives 4 Involved conflict management conflict should be viewed as between choices not 5 Reflects family member s perceptions needs and values individual differences between family members affect the decision making process 6 Reflects family interaction patterns including communication authority and power 7 Reflects a style style is influenced by cohesion and adaptability of the family 8 Reflects choices
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