MMC2000 Exam 3 Study Guide Percentage of listeners of radio is declining as well as time spent per day listening saying radio is the most essential medium is also decreasing commercials making radio more unpopular over 17 billion in ad sales with the average station filling 12 mins hour with ads advertising with stations is cheaper than TV still a common medium in U S it is mobile and caters to specialized audiences Today U S customers purchase 1 3 of all music worldwide physical media sales down and digital downloads up digital sales not keeping up with decline however revenue today is 50 of 1999 level due to piracy Trends deregulation and concentration of ownership in radio during 1980s and 1990s led to mega corporations dominating industry decline in local news coverage with 35 of stations not offering coverage at all satellite trending while internet usage with Pandora and Spotify increasing Criticisms of industry conglomeration 90 market in U S owned by four major companies and 60 worldwide from just two of these companies Sony BMG Warner Universal EMI profit trumping art of music cultural homogenization occurring Piracy illegal downloading of music leading to losses big companies and artists turning this around through putting bands on tour and getting profits from merch sales tickets and advertising Early television pioneers early 20th century Paul Nipkow invented the Nipkow disk which was a mechanical system in 1884 that rotated and let light in through holes to create a moving picture Zworykin invented the Kinescope in 1929 that was a highly developed television tube Farnsworth developed a plan for a vacuum tube for a television at age 12 and later made the actual thing by age 15 in 1927 April 1939 was first true public demonstration of television at the NY World s market by RCA FCC grants two broadcast licenses in 1941 as stations television evolves from the 1940s to present day FCC television freeze 1948 1952 WWII halts television development but when war ends stations pour in creating problems with overloading the television spectrum licensing halts for four year period after that Interference and assigning channels major hurdles against the FCC created a grid across the country to solve interference problem use of a spectrum solved channel problem Color TV standards introduced in 1954 through RCA and CBS Educational television guaranteed after failing to provide programming in the public s interest in 50s and 60s emergence of public television or PBS channels In 1952 there were 108 stations but by 1959 there were 559 by 1965 95 of homes had a television set old and new genres of entertainment emerged including talk shows and movies made for TV Red channels book permeated the Red Scare movement against communism and known communists working in television television got rid of this fear through Murrow documenting how Joseph McCarthy was forging a witch hunt against these people Protests against Vietnam War and the Civil Rights Movement were backed by television exposing the truths about each and leading to a swing in public opinion of these issues Advertising changed sole sponsorship used to be the only form of advertising where one company was featured during a program through live commercials introduction of multi advertiser sponsored programming began called spot advertising quiz show scandal revealed manipulation of audiences to think shows were not rigged to go a certain way manipulation occurred in order for advertisers to increase public opinion and increase ratings ban of game shows lasts throughout the 1960s Vertical integration introduced to television with networks stations produced the content leading to a drop in quality of programming ratings became important as ads depended on them became more formulaic across all networks until formulas were no longer effective I love Lucy show changed television first show to feature 3 cameras making it shot for film and editing capabilities featured first interracial couple shot in Hollywood instead of New York which began trend of television moving to the west allowed production schedules to shrink introduced concepts of re runs and syndication Nielsen ratings judged number of people watching shows and who was watching them started reporting TV ratings in 1950 with TV diaries important for determining advertising rates rating households tuned into particular programs divided by all households with a TV share households tuned into a show divided by all households tuned into a TV at that time tech advances into measuring individuals instead of households TAMi total audience measurement index and C3 ratings for advertisement how many times over 3 days is an ad seen Broadcast gives way to cable first introduced in 1948 began with co axle cable spreading across the country HBO in 1975 that brought movies to television that weren t edited from their theater versions and not censored 1992 Congress requires cable companies to offer local broadcast stations or basic cable nationwide must carry rules enforced but FCC does not regulate the cable content stations 2001 primetime audience surpasses big 4 cable networks NBC ABC Fox and CBS Today nearly 90 of households pay for TV in some way but paying for cable is decreasing due to satellite and internet providers Television today in 97 of households 114 7 million HH with the average HH having 2 9 TVs but only 2 7 people TVs are on an average of 8 hours 30 minutes per day with average American watching 4 hours 53 minutes per day 71 say TV is leading source of national and international news 64 say its leading source of local news Most likely to watch TV in a week if you are male though females watch longer African American less educated the less money you have the older you are 1400 commercial broadcast stations in the U S 400 noncommercial or public big 4 networks have over 200 affiliates top 5 markets include NYC LA Chicago Philadelphia and Dallas Fort Worth in FL 13 Tampa St Pete Sarasota 16 Miami Fort Lauderdale 19 Orlando Daytona 105 Tallahassee Thomasville 70 billion in total ad sales 67 or 47 billion on broadcast TV 40 of all ad spending is on TV average 30 second primetime spot costs 120 000 and the most expensive during MNF costing 545 000 Average 30 second spot on ESPN is 54 000 24 000 on TBS during Super Bowl 3 8 million consumers see TV as most influential ad medium most persuasive and most exciting Most watch show of all time Super Bowl 2014 with 111 5 million
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