Test 2 Study Guide Chapter 10 Personality Humorism ancient study of personality Believed liquids flowed through body to influence personality Four types of personalities Sanguine choleric melancholy and phlegmatic Strengths and weaknesses to each trait Temperament behavioral dispositions that interact with the environment Precursor to personality How people interact with environment Born with this Influenced by genetics and prenatal environment Three Temperaments in Babies 1 Easy readily adapt positive mood and emotions normal eating sleeping patterns Regularity 2 Difficult irritable fussy cry more irregular eating and sleeping 3 Slow to warm up lower activity withdraw from new experience and people slow to adapt but eventually accept new experience after repeated exposure 9 Characteristics of temperament a Activity level frequency of motor movement b Rhythmicity tendency to follow or not follow a schedule c Approach and withdrawal initiate or avoid social interaction d Adaptability continuum range of ability to adjust to changes e Response threshold responsiveness of individuals through use of their senses f Intensity of reaction impulse control under stress g Quality of mood continuum from happiness to sadness h Distractibility ability to concentrate i Attention span ability to be persistent and stay on task Goodness of fit interaction that results when properties of environment and its expectations demands are in accord with organisms capabilities motivations and styles of behavior How well an organism fits into environment as opposed to poorness of fit Bad fit stress and friction Affects how personality develops http www sbs com au insight episode watchonline 376 Birth Order video may be helpful to watch Birth Order First Borns Achievers goal oriented adult oriented helpful self controlled conscientious do not like surprises Higher education more accomplishments than younger siblings Competitive tense driven Only children show extreme characteristics of first borns Middle Borns Tend to choose a different direction than first born i e if first born is good at sports middle may choose music Play off of first borns No special spot ecological niche Mediators compromisers sociable Peer oriented never have parents to self Balanced Last Borns Outgoing charming fun loving spontaneous tolerant affectionate Power Interactions between siblings shape images and self concept Personality Attributes Pattern of traits that determine characteristic behavior Acquired throughout life on top of predetermined temperament Carl Jung framed categories determining personality types seemingly random variation in behavior is actually orderly and consistent behavior is predictable and classifiable Personality Types are based on 1 Ways people prefer to interaction socially and process info introvert vs extrovert 2 Ways people perceive and gather info sensor vs intuitive 3 Ways people carry out decision making thinking vs feeling 4 Ways people interact verbally and behaviorally with outside world Judger vs perceiver Choose one from each category take the corresponding letter and that is your personality type ex ESTJ is extroverted sensor thinking judger 16 distinct personality types Big 5 personality inventory Openness conscientiousness extroversion agreeableness neurotocisms Changes over time mature Older increased conscientiousness Older increased agreeableness Older decreased openness extroversion neurotocism Chapter 5 Perceiving Individuals and families receive info through four processes 1 Perception 2 Space and Time 3 Values and Beliefs 4 Decision making Perception process of meaningfully organizing sensations or process how we assemble sensations into useable picture or model of the world Perception is throughput transforming information that is received It is an active process Perceptual constancy we perceive things similarly even if stimulus has changed ex Wearing red sunglasses but still being able to see green Brain compensates for changes in stimulus Perceiving active process of interpreting and giving meaning to environment starts with sensation receptors receive input and then send info to brain where processing occurs throughput Two processes organizing and adaptation adaptation happens in two ways a assimilation receive info and put it into a category that is already known b accommodation Info does not fit into an already existing category so mind makes a new category Stimulus can be proximal near or distal far tree is far away distal light reflects off of it into our eye proximal and is processed Meaning emerges as information passes through our filter systems Filtering process involves 1 Physical factors sensing taste odor temperature touch etc some people are physiologically unable to experience certain sensations ex Visual agnosia cannot recognize visually presented objects Sensing is Input into the individual system 2 Social factors way we use language accepted way of seeing and describing things and socially agreed upon conventions that standardize parts of our world social experience frames our world language limits ability to describe perceptions and create meaning Family friends school work place and community all provide contextual meaning and influence how we perceive things 3 Individual factors abilities and experiences influence a person s meanings and interpretations processes some people are physiologically unable to experience certain sensations ex visual agnosia people cannot recognize visually presented objects Three steps to attach meaning to experiences a Selection noticing something Depends on intensity repetition and motivation perceiver b Organization arranging input in a meaningful way depends on age of c Interpretation based on past experiences assumptions expectations knowledge and mood Often influenced by social factors Gestalt Principles of Organization Mind understands external stimulus as a whole rather than the sum of parts Grouping laws that structure and organize 1 Proximity objects near each other tend to be grouped together 2 Similarity similar items tend to be grouped together Dissimilar items anomalies tend to stand out 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 we perceive columns of s and 2s instead of randomness 3 Continuity Lines are seen as following the smoothest path group together elements if they cannot be aligned 4 Closure objects grouped together seen as whole ignore gaps and complete contour lines 5 Past experience contiguity close amounts of time we perceive them
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