MMC2000 Exam 2 Study Guide Newspaper industry today struggling to stay afloat 59 billion industry in 2000 34 billion in 2011 for a decrease of 40 revenue and profits ad revenue always larger than sale revenue print subscriber worth 20 times for an advertiser than readers online Jobs lost to maintain profits readership decline leading to revenue decline costs of ads declining as well due to ads being tied to an expectation of how many people they will reach over 9800 newspapers operating today with 77 publishing on weekly basis 250 papers for African Americans 200 bilingual papers 130 million total circulation reaching 200 million per week through pass along readership In 2011 1382 dailies operating in U S with top papers including Wall Street Journal New York Times and USA Today Trends in newspapers convergence transforming into different types of media money being made online through online editions classified ad money being lost through online sites like Craigslist and Monster paying for content through pay walls where people pay for special content features numbers down competition in markets down profits trumping professionalism 65 newspapers are ads even on front page reliance on wire services leading to decreases in local news Colonial and Revolutionary America Few books and mostly religious texts first press was the Cambridge Press in 1638 first book was the Whole Book of Psalms in 1644 early bestseller was Poor Richard s Almanac printed by Benjamin Franklin printers protested government control over book publishing censorship pamphlets of Thomas Pain helped protest colonial rule Common Sense and The American Crisis helped pave way for Revolutionary War Early novelists were Hawthorne Melville Twain and wrote from an influential American perspective Beadle and Company s dime novels led to books becoming a mass medium in 1860s pulp fiction rises in popularity with its cheap paper and fiction stories costing a dime focused on adventure crime stories Paperbacks begin with Penguin Books and Pocket Books 60 books today are paperbacks books burned if message moral didn t agree with government Book industry today 33 billion in revenue major categories include trade juvenile adult fiction non fiction cookbooks biographies coffee table books elementary high school higher education university press professional and mass market paperbacks romances diet guides 50 18 to 24 year olds never read for pleasure leading to aliteracy number minutes spent reading is rising Trends convergence of traditional media with e readers or online versions of books accounting for 10 revenue per year 1 in 3 Americans own some type of e reader print on demand technique POD conglomeration 80 sales from 8 major companies emphasis on profit and commercialism blockbuster mentality subsidiary rights instant books paid product placements Changes in book retailing from mom and pop shops to large corporations and retailers like Barnes and Noble with 90 control over industry today History of magazines content specific visually oriented different publication structures compared with newspapers focused more on entertainment content Colonial America to the Civil war era first magazine appears as the American Magazine in 1741 by Andrew Bradford The General Magazine published later by Benjamin Franklin Magazines targeted the elite had heavy political and literary content and had limited circulation NYC and Philadelphia Era of Mass Circulation 1865 700 magazines being published 3 000 by 1885 by 1945 over 32 million subscribing to magazines Growth attributed to targeting women increased literacy cheaper postage and prices spread of railroads and industrialization leading to the introduction of leisure time or free time that allowed for the use of media characteristics general audience mass audience national relevance visually superior leading to the first true mass medium Muckraking time when investigative journalism comes into play to aim at big companies the church labor unions etc to discover corruption McClare s magazine Shame of the Cities was most popular featuring government corruption Lincoln Steffans and Ida Tarbell were major reporters who exposed this Industry today In 2008 over 30 billion in revenue in 2011 28 billion in revenue revenue coming from advertising subscriptions and single copies relying more on ads to keep industry afloat in 2012 20 707 magazine titles being published within three major categories Industrial for employees customers members shareholders sponsored internal public relations newsletters and company AARP with highest circulation in U S 22 million in 2011 Trade professional and business magazines that target people working in special professions Consumer 7 300 titles in 2011 Better Homes and Gardens is highest paid circulation w 7 6 million Gameinformer at 2 Reader s Digest 3 92 of all adults and 96 under 25 read on monthly basis 92 African Americans 92 Asian Americans 86 Hispanic Americans readership goes down as you age opposite of newspapers trends Convergence traditional mags online but print editions still important some only online now competition from other media sources money advantage of subscriber lists passed between magazines and advertorials ads that resemble feature stories to get people to read them Early Film Pioneers Edward Muybridge late 1880s Industrial Revolution developed camera technologies and persistence of vision theory where our brains take 1 24 of a second to process an image showed photos in rapid succession to make them appear in motion developed zoopraxiscope that showed slides with pictures in rapid motion Thomas Edison developed camera technologies called kinetograph in 1888 and kinetoscope in 1881 way for film to be looped together to appear to be moving Lumiere Brothers first to show images through a cinematographe which was a camera and projection device used to project images onto larger screens for mass audiences Melies was original storyteller and an artist of film who brought stories to films made A trip to the moon in 1902 first attempts at moving medium away from pragmatic beginnings and move camera itself started science fiction storytelling and began expressing French culture Porter worked with the Edison Company the Great Train Robbery used editing camera movement and introduced montage editing with cuts between two scenes happening at the same time Nickelodeons Theaters where people went to watch films a nickel was the price of admission and
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