MMC 2000 Exam 3 CHAPTER 7 RADIO 1844 Morse telegraph invented Morse code copper wires using dots and dashes to spell out words that could be deciphered Only problem with wireless telegraph was that you had to know the Morse code 1876 Alexander Graham Bell creates telephone company that picks up subscription music services in several major companies 1877 Thomas Edison stole the credit for the talking machine and it was used by businesses Uses a Phonograph which was a cylinder to record sound that could not be duplicated Columbia Phonograph company creates two sided disc 1887 Emile Berliner German Immigrant improves on Edison s talking machine Uses Gramophone which was a flat disk of wax that was able to produce duplicates of recordings Two people applied for the patent for radio at the same time Guglielmo Marconi son of wealthy businessman Eastern European immigrant Nikola Tesla Guglielmo Marconi considered the father of radio because he was the first to send signals through the air Wanted to be able to send human voice instead of morse code so more people could transmit messages He was able to send telegraph codes over a distance of 2 miles Initially from Italy he brought his invention to Great Britain because they were more interested and he was able to find better financial support 1899 Marconi sends message over British Channel 1901 Sends message over Atlantic Ocean wireless 1903 Reginald Fesseden Canadian invents a liquid barretter audio device that permits the reception of wireless First device that is able to convert human voice to electronic impulse 1906 First public demonstration of radio on Christmas Eve He sent the message to ships stationed off shore 1906 Lee Deforest creates audion tube superior to liquid barretter Audion tube was a vacuum tube that improved the signals and amplified wireless signals Patent battle between Fessenden and Deforest battle slowed the development of commercial radio WWI with Radio After war is over there was a need for regulation with radio Radio used for ships coming into harbor 1910 if you had a ship with more than 50 people you must have a radio and someone who knows how to use it That person has to stay with the radio at all times Government started telling ships what frequencies to use 1919 Government ended the battle between Fessenden and Deforest and told them to come together and work for the 1 radio company RCA Radio Company of America First Commercial Broadcast Pittsburgh KDKA on November 2nd 1920 Radio companies wanted and needed regulation but they could not regulate them selves Federal government steps in basically the opposite of the movie industry Radio Act of 1927 and Beyond Federal Radio Commission FRC developed Basic approach that the U S radio has today Trustee model of broadcasting Federal Radio Commission changes to the Federal Communication Commission Federal Government Trustee Model Nobody can own the air obviously There is a responsibility when using the airwaves Limits to who can own a radio station Radio stations were private comercially owned rather than government owned Local stations and National Networks developed 1926 RCA opens two Broadcasting networks NBC Blue first one and NBC Red NBC National Broadcasting Company 24 7 station network These radio stations provide information and entertainment Advertising was the basic form of financial support for broadcasting Soap Operas Developed in the 1930s dramas on the Radio sponsored by Soap companies aimed to sell Soap to the women listening during the day Radio became extremely important in WWII Edward R Murrow First to cover news stories on the radio Radio s were usually only on at night Radio with music emerged in the 1930s 1940s Importance of Radio makes it free households just had to buy the actual radio Sole sponsorship One segment occurred by 1 company 1930 12 million radio listeners advertising was 40 million 1940 30 million listeners advertising 155 million 1950 454 million listeners 1960 listeners drops to 35 million Video Killed the radio star Radio stations specialized when TV programs became more popular Radio in Today s Society 14 950 Radio stations in the United States Most popular formats of Radio Most popular among 18 24 Country News Talk Spanish Rhythmic CHR Urban Radio is considered to be the most abundant media within households with an average of 2 radios per person Overall the percentage of people listening to the radio each week is down Advertising in Radio More than 17 billion in ad sales Average station has 12 minutes of ads per hour Advertising on local stations is beneficial because they are inexpensive and can be changed updated and specialized to a certain audience Radio is seen as a personal form of advertising and people feel like it is specifically talking to them A third of all music is downloaded digitally Physical sale of music is down because of this Deregulation relaxation of ownership and other rules for radio and television No limits on how many radio stations one person can own Duopoly single ownership and management of multiple radio stations in one market Four big companies of Radio Sony Controls about 23 of music industry and co owned by two global companies Japan s Sony and Germany Bertelsmann Its labels are Columbia Epic RCA Artista Warner Music Group controls about 15 of the market owned by Len Blavatnik and several private investors Controls labels such as Warner Brothers Electra Atlantic Universal Music Group controls about 36 of music industry owned by French conglomerate Vivendi Universal and controls labels like MCA Capitol Def Jam Records EMI Group limited British music company based in London but produced globally Owners are Terra Filma Capital partners Dominance of Profit over Art Companys tend to support or promote more famous artist on their stations to appeal to the masses thus creating a bigger audience and generating more money CHAPTER 8 TELEVISION History of Television Keynames Philo Farnsworth Moved from Idaho to San Fransico to improve his invention of television after showing his teacher design when he was just 14 years old His first public demostration was at the age of 20 David Sarnoff Led the RCA for most of his career but worked in fighting in patent battles for television products for the RCA Vladimir Zworykin Immigrant living in Pittsburgh who created the first practical television camera tube known as the iconoscope tube William S Paley Chief executive of the Columbia Broadcasting system Sarnoff
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