D2 O Heavy water CO2 carbon dioxide O3 Ozone Carbon 12 AMU Nitrogen 14 AMU Hydrogen 1 AMU oxygen 16 AMU With altitude increasing density and pressure decrease Isothermal means the temp does not change with altitude Inversion is when the temperature increases with hieght Temperature is measured by the amount of kinetic energy a air Temp K Kelvin F Fahrenheit C Celsius Diatomic means 2 atoms Force X Area pressure Atmosphere molecule has Water boils Water freezes Absolute zero 373 273 0 212 32 459 4 100 0 273 G grams of that substance Water G X X increase in temperature Ice G X 2X Increase in temperature Dirt G X 5X increase in temperature 80 Calories melts 1 Gram of Ice 600 calories evaporates 1 gram of water 680 calories evaporates 1 gram of ice C to F F to C C to K K to C F to K K to F 32 F C 5 9 F 32 5 9 C 273 K C K 273 C F 32 5 K 273 9 273 k 32 F 5 9 Conduction The molecule to molecule transfer of energy Works best in solids Especial metals Works poorly in gases Convection circulation of molecules distributing energy Water Is very unique Has a high heat capacity Solid Form less dense than liquid Radiation Has No color The color of light is perceived in our mind Color is determined by which wave length our mind recognizes Light can be Scattered Transmitted Absorbed Colors seen are what the object reflects KNOW THIS Radiation The earths Albedo is 30 Which means it reflects 30 of the energy it receives from the sun The moons is only 3 Everything Emits radiation The hotter an object the more radiation it emits The hotter the smaller the max size of a wave length emitted is Bostmans law Total energyradiated CT 4 Wave lengths Shorter wave lengths scatter more 3000 t always in mm Latitude determines N S Longitude E W More direct sun means more heat the tile of the earth determines the earth s seasons The slightest tilt in a degree can cause a 5 10 degree change in temperature 179 days Night 186 days It would be day time in the Arctic Circle Warm air holds moisture better then cold Normally in the day its warmer the lower you are the opposite is true at night When the temperature increase with height in the day it s called inversion At night it s called nocturnal inversion The hottest time of day is when the earth is radiating as much energy as its receiving 90 as dense as water Ice crystals are hexagonal in shape Equilibrium things don t change ICE Relative When relative humidity is 100 that means there is as much water codensating as ther is evaporating in the air Meaning it s in equilibrium Relative humidity Howmuch water vapor is air Howmuch water vapor the air canhold Warm air can hold more water the cold Even though the cold air has a relative humidity of 100 does not mean there is more water vapor then warm air at 50 There are two ways to relative humidity Increase decrease the amount of water vapor 1 2 Change the tempature At sea level there is 1000 MB of air pressure Pressure decreases with elevation Vapor pressure pressure created by water vapor in atmosphere Saturation equilibrium vapor pressure Water condensing water evaporating applies on over a flat body of water hair hydrometer one tool for measuring relative humidity but how much hair curls Chapter 5 Dew Fog and Clouds Dew point The temperature where water vapor in the air begins to condense The point where actual vapor pressure equals the saturation vapor pressure Dew point is where Relative humidity is 100 Dew Frost A cool calm night objects near the surface of the earth become cooler then surrounding air by emitting infrared energy Air coming in contact with cooled objects cool through conduction The cold airs Dew point is reached and dew forms as little drops of condesated water on objects surface Frozen Dew forms if the temperature drops to freezing or below the drops of dew become beads of ice Coldest air is close to ground so dew doesn t form much higher than the grass often Frost point the dew point when it is a temperature below freezing Forms under all the same conditions as dew but the dew point is below freezing When the frost point is reach and the temperature continues to drop water vapor will change directly to ice in a process called Deposition This causes frost which appears as easily recognized tree branching like crystals rather than beads like with dew Condensation Nuclei Required in forming clouds Like dew and frost need a surface clouds need condensation nuclei A volume of air the size of your index finger can contain between 1000 150000 particles which could act as condensation nuclei Without them Relative humidities of several hundred would be needed for condensation Several size o Small Aitken 2 m and smaller most nuclei o Large 2 m 1 m o Giant 1 m and up Most nuclei are 2 m and smaller and a visible cloud droplet that forms fog and clouds is about 10 20 m Different particles in the air act better as condensation nuclei o Hydroscopic water seeking Allows water to more readily condense on it even below a Relative humidity of 100 EX Salt o Hydrophobic water Repelling Does not allow water to easily condense on it even when relative Haze Air particulate that is harder to see through in the morning then the afternoon even though the amount of air particles may not change the reason is because in the colder air water condensates on the haze making the particles bigger and more difficult to see through Fog When relative humidity approaches 100 haze particles grow larger and condensation begins on lest active nuclei further decreasing visibility Once the visibility in haze becomes less than one KM it is called Fog o City fog Usually thicker despite that there is no change in water content in the air Cities have more condensation nuclei which gives the water vapor mor surface to condense on making it thicker o Acid Fog Fog that is created by water condensing on oxides of sulfur and nitrogen Hazardous to health o 2 ways of forming 1 Air is cooled saturation point Dewpoint 2 Evaporation and mixing Water vapor is added to the air by evaporation then that air is mixed with relatively dry air o types to know 1 Radiation fog ground fog ground quickly cools by giving off infrared radiation and the air close to the ground cools by conduction and reaches the dew point causing fog to form Calm air is need This kind of fog sinks and is often called valley fog 2 Advection Fog Warm moist air passes over a much cooler surface which lowers the temperature of the air to dew point and causes it to condense 3 Steam Fog
View Full Document
Unlocking...