MET FINAL REVIEW MET 1010Chapters 1-3Instructor: Nancy DignonEXAM 1 MATERIALS1) Recognize weather symbols on a map and understand the terms. Warm=RedCold=BlueStationary=Red+BlueOccluded=Purple 2) Know the difference between weather and climate.Climate is described as the average of the weather conditions observed in a certain region over a long period of time. Does not vary as much as weather, which is defined as the current state of the atmosphere.3) Know the elements of the atmosphere and their measures (units). Temperature: Fahrenheit, Celcius, or KelvinWind: knotsPressure: mbHumidity: %4) List the primary gases of the Earth’s atmosphere.Nitrogen-78%Oxygen-21%Argon-.98%CO2-.05%5) Understand the basic use of radiosonde and rawinsonde balloons and the variables they measure.Radiosonde: Measure temperature, pressure, and humidity up to 30kmRawinsonde: All the above but also measures wind speed/direction 6) Describe the pressure and composition changes of the atmosphere.The troposphere is the lowest level. As you go up in the atmosphere, the pressure drops significantly. The pressure in the second level, the stratosphere, ranges from 1mb to just over 100mb. The mesosphere, the next level, ranges from about .01mb to 1mb. Lastly, the thermosphere averages at about .001mb. Remember that there is a temperature inversion as you go up. In the troposphere, it gets colder with altitude. In the stratosphere it gets hotter as we move up. This keeps alternating as you change levels within the atmosphere. Oxygen levels also decrease rapidly with altitude. 7) Be able to identify the layers of the atmosphere based on temperature tendencies. Thermosphere: 85km-120km - Hottest layer and has temperature inversion <Heterosphere---------------Tropopause (100km)------------Mesosphere: 49km-85km - Coldest layer <Stratosphere: 11km-49km - Temp increases with height <HomosphereTropopause: 0km-11km <8) Describe the importance of ozone and how its decrease could affect us.Ozone absorbs infrared UV energy produced by the sun. Without the ozone layer, the Earth would absorb too much of the suns energy and the atmosphere would become too hot. The affects of a reduction in ozone go on and on. Skin cancer, polar ice caps melting, rising sea levels, global warming of the atmosphere, increased number of hurricanes, etc. 9) Understand the difference between heat and temperature.Heat is thermal energy transferred from one object to another because of a temperature difference, and temperature is a relative measure of how hot or cold something ismeasured on a scale, or the average kinetic energy of the particles in a substance or object. 10) Know the three scales of temperature and be able to convert from one to another. Fahrenheit Temperature in Celsius, multiplied by 1.8, and added to 32.F=(C*1.8)+32Celsius Temperature in Fahrenheit, subtracted by 32, and divided by 1.8C=(F-32)/1.8Kelvin Temperature in Celsius plus 273.K=C+273 11) Know the terms latent heat and calories and identify the phase changes with the absorption or release of heat.Latent heat: The heat required to convert a solid into a liquid or vapor, or a liquid into a vapor, without change of temperature. Calories: A unit of energy defined as that amount of energy required to raise the temperature of one gram of water by one degree Celsius Condensation: Gas -> Liquid Evaporation: Liquid -> GasFreezing: liquid -> solid Melting: Solid -> Liquid12) Distinguish between the different methods of heat transfer and identify examples of each.Conduction: Transfer of heat through direct contact - You touch a hot pan and burn yourselfConvection: Vertical heat transfer - hot air rises, cold air sinksAdvection: Horizontal heat transfer - wind moving warm/cold airRadiation: The emission of energy as electromagnetic waves or as moving subatomic particles.- Sun heats through waves instead of direct contact13) Understand the electromagnetic spectrum, specifically infrared, visible, and ultraviolet radiation.All radiation are photons being emitted by any object containing energy.Infrared: the longest wavelength of all radiation. Produced by the sun and the earth. This is basically heat. (Think heat vision.)Visible: visible light radiation. This is the only form of radiation that our eyes are sensitive to.Ultraviolet: this is radiation with wavelengths just below that of visible light. Violet is the shortest wavelength of visible light, after that comes UV radiation. 14) Recognize the relationship between temperature and wavelengths of radiation with regard to the rules of radiation.AM radio waves- Largest waves (least energy/heating per wave)television wavesmicrowavesinfrared wavesVisible lightUV wavesX rays- Smallest waves (most energy/heating per wave) 15) Be able to discuss how the Earth’s atmosphere is heated and cooled---why gases are selective absorbers of radiation.The Earth absorbs all radiation spectra that strikes it and then emits infrared radiation. The earth's atmosphere, however absorbs and emits infrared radiation.The Earth and all things continually radiate energy. If an object radiates more energy than it absorbs, it cools; if it absorbs more energy than it emits, it gets warmer. When an object emits and absorbs energy at equal rates, its temperature remains unchanged.Ozone selectively absorbs ultraviolet radiation. Carbon dioxide and water vapor are strong selective absorbers of infrared radiation.16) Explain the difference between the “Greenhouse effect” and the atmospheric effect.The greenhouse effect is the absorption of infrared radiation from the earth by water vapor and carbon dioxide. This is commonly confused with the atmospheric effect, which is defined as the heating of air within a greenhouse due to the air’s inability to circulate, rather than the absorption of energy. 17) Know the methods of interference in the Earth’s atmosphere and understand our heat balance. 18) Understand the Earth-sun relationship including: causes of seasons, characteristics of seasons, and how latitude affects temperature.The cause of seasons is earths tilt as it revolves around the sun. The earth will be closer tothe sun during some parts of the year than others. Summer Solstice: on June 21st, the sun will be directly overhead in the northern hemisphere.Autumnal (fall) Equinox: September 22, this is when the sun is directly over the equator in the
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