Meteorology Test 1 Review Chapter 1 Weather constantly changing state of atmosphere at a particular time and place Climate average weather conditions over extended period of time Severe summers mild winters Jan 7 10 F Elements of the atmosphere variables that are measured regularly 1 Temperature F 2 Humidity measure of water vapor in the air 3 Wind direction and speed coming from 4 Barometric pressure 29 92 mercury 5 type and amount of cloud cover 6 type and amount of precipitation Composition of Atmosphere constant to a height 80 km 48 miles o Nitrogen N2 78 o Oxygen O2 21 o Argon Ar 0 934 o Carbon Dioxide CO2 0 054 Standard Pressure 29 92 Mercury 1013 25 millibars Pressure decreases with height at a decreasing rate smaller Radios and Balloon Transmits temp humidity pressure Four layers based on temp change Troposphere weather sphere layer of air we live in o Temps decrease with height o Normal or environmental lapse rate average rate air cools by 6 5 C km Surface 26 5 C 1 km 20 C 2 km 13 5 C o Tropopause temps remain constant isothermal Stratosphere greatest concentration of ozone absorbs sunlight o Temps increase with height o Temp inversion Stratopause isothermal Mesosphere clodest layer temps decrease with height o Mesopause isothermal Thermosphere hottest layer and uppermost layer temp inversion Isobars lines of equal pressure close together windy far apart calm winds Ozone O3 poisonous gas produced in a photochemical reaction absorbs ultraviolet radiation Chlorofluorocarbons CFC s Propellants in aerosols Freon AC and refrigeration Styrofoam Cleaners for electronics Global Warming 1978 Antarctic Circle Spring 10 F inc temp seasonal decrease Effects o Utility use o Skin cancer inc o Cornea damage o Farming belts shift o Rise in sea levels o Weather pattern shift o Increase in frequency and intensity of hurricanes Chapter 2 Temperature measure of how hot or cold a substance is Heat average kinetic energy of a substance energy of motion function of mass Absolute Zero 0k Theoretically point where all molecular motion would cease o K 273 C o C 273 K o 1 8 273 32 459 4 F Latent heat changes its phase hidden or stored heat that is released or absorbs when H2O o Phase changes Melting Evaporation Sublimation Freezing Condensation Deposition amount of heat needed to change the temp of 1 gram of H2O 1 C Calories Heat transfer Radiation wavelike energy given off by every object that possesses heat or has a temp heat transfer through atmosphere Conduction heat transfer through point to point contact of molecules o Solids are best conductors o Objects that are good conductors are poor insulators o Poor conductors are good insulators Convection vertical heat transfer of a fluid liquid or gas o Warm air rises convective thunderstorms o Cold air sinks advection horizontal heat transfer of gas or liquid o Wind North cold air advection South warm air advection Electromagnetic Spectrum Scale of radiation based on wavelength temp o Hot short o Cold long Infrared detect as heat long wave Rules of Radiation 1 All objects emit radiation 2 Wavelength is determined by temperature 3 Hotter objects emit more radiation than colder objects 4 Hotter objects emit shorter wavelength of radiation a Sun solar UV short b Earth terrestrial IR long 5 Perfect absorber of radiation is also a perfect emitter Visible light white ROYGBIV human eye sensitive to ultraviolet short wave radiation Gases are selective absorbers of radiation Ozone absorbs UV Greenhouse gases IR absorbed by o Nitrous oxide o Carbon dioxide o Water vapor o Methane Temperature Hottest 3 5pm Coldest sunrise Atmosphere heats and cools from ground up Methods of Interference Absorption net heat gain gases can absorb clouds Scattering direct radiation becomes indirect at random Diffused light has been scattered Reflection angle of incoming radiation equal to angle of outgoing Albedo measure of reflectivity Snow high Water Sand Clouds and fogs Soil low Two Motions Rotation Revolution earth spinning on its axis which is tilted 23 once a day elliptic orbit around the sun 365 days o Avg distance 93 million miles o 94 million miles farthest from sun July 4th aphelion o 91 million miles closest to sun Jan 3rd perihelion Temperature Affected by Latitude o Angle of incoming radiation o of daylight hours o amount of atmosphere sunlight travels through Seasons Winter Solstice o Dec 21 22 o Sun overhead at 23 S o Fewest daylight hours Spring or Vernal Equinox o March 20 21 o Sun overhead at equator o Equal of day night hours Summer Solstice o June 21 22 o Sun overhead 23 N o Greatest daylight hours Fall or Autumnal Equinox o Sept 22 23 o Sun overhead at equator o Equal day night hours Chapter 3 Controls of Temperature Latitude Altitude increase height decrease temp Ocean current Specific heat of surface o Land or water o Land heats and cools faster than water Geographic position o Circulates warm air from higher up down to ground where crops are Frost Prevention Orchard heaters or Smudge pots o Most effective o Most expensive Sprinklers o Protective layer of ice o Release of latent heat Wind machines Temperature Data H L 73 39 112 56 F 2 2 2 TLH H 73 L 39 Daily Mean Daily Range H L 73 39 34 F Large clear skies Small clouds Monthly Mean Sum of daily means days Highest summer Lowest winter Annual Mean Sum of monthly means 12 High Miami Low Anchorage Annual Range Difference between warmest monthly mean and coldest monthly mean Large NYC Boston Chicago Small Miami Anchorage Indices Apparent Temperature o How we perceive temperature Wind chill factor o Uses temp and wind speed to give an apparent temp with calm winds o Winter temp and wind speed feels like with calm winds 30 F 20 mph 17 F WC 30 F 40 mph 13 F WC Heat index o Uses temp and humidity to give apparent temp o Summer temp and humidity feels like 96 F 50 108 F 96 F 75 132 F Heating degree days winter o Base temp 65 F o 65 daily mean heating degree days 65 56 HDD Cooling degree days summer o Daily mean 65 cooling degree days 82 65 17 CDD Thermometers o Maximum thermometer Measures highest temp of the day Contains Mercury that expands to the hottest temp o Minimum thermometer Measures lowest temp of the day Conatains alcohol that drags an index to coldest temp o Shelter Box White box that has slats on all sides Sits about 5 feet above the surface Shelters the thermometer from the elements Exam Objectives most explained above 1 Weather symbols Cold air moving in direction of arrows Warm air moving in
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