MET review Chapters 1 3 Stefan Boltzmann Law states that the total energy radiated per unit surface area of a block body per unit time is directly proportion to the fourth power of the black body s thermodynamic temperature T o It s meaning increase in temperature means big increase energy radiated Wien s Displacement Law states that the black body radiation curve for different temperature peaks at a wavelength inversely proportional to the temperature o It s meaning wavelength of max radiation decreased with increase in temperature Albedo the reflection of solar radiation summed of the whole solar spectrum Also depends on the angle of radiation coming in Climate aggregate of weather conditions Weather state of the atmosphere at a given time temp winds humidity pressure The five geophysical spheres of the earth 1 Biosphere plants animals and humans 2 Cryoshere snow ice and glaciers 3 Atmosphere air and clouds 4 Hydrosphere ocean lakes rives surface water and subsfc water 5 Lithosphere soil mantle and core Concepts of pressure density heat temperature and lapse rate Pressure force exerted by molecules when they bombard each other or the walls of the container Temperature a measure of heat related to speed of molecular motion Density number of molecules per unity volume Lapse rate vertical temp gradiet defined as the rate of decrease of temperature with height Heat the quality of being hot high temperature Make or become hot or warm Pressure temperature and density all relate to number and speed of molecules in air Pressure and density decrease steadily with height vertical structure of temperature is complex and dependent on heat source Temperature is measure of kinetic energy speed of molecule Pressure is measure of the weight of the atmosphere and is also force per unit area Density relates to the number of molecules in a volume Forms of matter Gas highest temperature Liquid lower temp Solid lowest temp Methods of heat transfer and their characteristics Three main ones 1 Radiation Transfer of radiant energy electromagnetic waves takes place in vacuum liquid gas and solid 2 Convection Transfer of Molecules molecular mixing fast takes 3 Conduction Molecular collision transfer of kinetic energy slow place in liquids and gases takes place in solids Specific heat the ratio of heat absorbed or released by the unit mass of system to the corresponding temperature rise or fall Latent heat the heat that is either released or absorbed by a unit mass of a substance when it undergoes change of state such as during evaporation condensation or sublimation Temperature inversion an increase in air temperature with height often simply called an inversion Wind chill the cooling effect of any combination of temperature and wind expressed as the loss of body heat Also called wind chill index The seasons equinoxes and solstices day length solstices 21 December 21 June Equinoxes 20 March 22 September Winter solstice min solar energy input to winter hemisphere Summer solstice max solar energy input to summer hemisphere Evaporation process of a substance in a liquid changing to a gaseous state due to an increase in temperature and or pressure Freezing freezing point of water 32 degrees F Sublimation chemical process where a solid turns into a gas without going through a liquid stage Composition the major gases that comprise over 99 of the atmosphere absorb very little radiation from the sun or the earth trace gases such as methane nitrous oxide and carbon dioxide are the main obsorbers of terrestrial earth radiation seasonal latitudinal distribution of carbon dioxide and methane reflects sources especially land based sources ozone absorbs most of the sun s ultraviolent radiation radiation and radiation balance the earth emits longwave radiation the sun emits shortwaves what happens to radiation as it passages through the atmosphere The earth atmosphere treat shortwave longwave radiation differently with respect to scattering and absorption The atmosphere is nearly transparent to solar radiation A radiative equilibrium is maintained for the earth as a whole radiation balance Chapter 4 Temperature a measure of heat related to speed of molecular motion and is proportional to kinetic energy of the molecules mv2 Energy ability to do work Heat is a form of energy associated with the motion of molecules Forms of matter distinguished based on the bonding between molecules Differ with respect to the spacing of molecules intermolecular forces and degrees of molecular motion and rigidity of boundaries volume Gas Liquid and Solid Phase changes of water o Evaporation liquid to vapor o Condensation vapor to liquid o Sublimation ice to vapor without liquid o Deposition vapor to ice without liquid o Transpiration plants give up water as vapor to atmosphere through small openings on the underside of leaves Hydrologic cycle model that illustrates the movement and exchange of water among the earth atmosphere and oceans o Begins with evaporation of water from the surface of the ocean o As it is lifted it cools and water vapor condenses to form clouds o Moisture is transported around the globe until it returns to the o Water then becomes groundwater or some of the water evaporates o Groundwater turns into runoff into the oceans and the cycle begins surface as precipitation back into the atmosphere again Evaporation process by which a liquid changes into a gas Saturation an atmospheric condition whereby the level of water vapor is the maximum possible at the existing temperature and pressure Factors controlling evaporation wind speed relative humidity incoming radiation and temperature Vapor pressure is that part of air pressure which is due to vapor pressure Vapor pressure is less than 4 percent of total pressure found only in the most extremely humid tropical air Saturation vapor pressure occurs when number of molecules leaving a surface which controlled by temperature equals number condensing onto the surface which controlled by humidity of air Boiling bubbles in boiling water are 100 water vapor Water is evaporating inside the liquid Water boils at a lower temperature the higher you go At sea level water boils at 100 degrees C and 212 degrees F boiled foods take longer to cook at high altitudes Ways to express amount of water in the air measured in terms of its weight grams or the pressure mb it exerts Chapter 5 Relative humidity the ratio of the amount of water vapor in the air compared to the amount required for
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