HFT2890 Exam 3 Study Guide Ch 11 15 Ch 11 Greece and the Middle East Geographic Overview Greece considered cradle of Western civilization mostly Eastern Orthodox Turkey Syria Iraq Lebanon Jordan Israel tourism is the biggest form of revenue Crete part of Greece 5th largest island Cretan Greek dialect Center of Europe s 1st advanced civilization Minoan destroyed by a tidal wave Turkey Severe earthquakes Straddles two continents Europe and Asia Islam is prominent Istanbul formerly called both Byzantium and Constantinople The Levant Region Israel Jordan Syria Lebanon Palestinian territories Mediterranean Sea Peloponnesus peninsula extending off the southwestern region of Greece Bosporus narrow channel that separates Europe from Asia Tigris and Euphrates Rivers form the Shatt al Arab before flowing into Arabian Peninsula very large desert region between the Red Sea and Persian Masada site of Jewish resistance to the Romans overlooks the Dead Sea Persian Gulf Gulf high salt content Agriculture Greece Wheat corn and rice favored cereal crops Grapes wine fruit leaves and olives olive oil Feta Cheese Fish Sheep dairy and meat Spanokopita spinach pie Tyropita Greek Salad The Levant History and Culture Greece Water is very scarce because of the hot and dry desert climate Tobacco citrus corn fruit and nuts grow in abundance Iran noted for its beluga caviar Caspian Sea Minoan and Mycenean civilizations Peloponesian Wars between Athens and Sparta reshaped ancient Greece decline of culture Turkey Hittites advanced culture Ottoman Empire Turks that gained control of Greece centered in Istanbul Impact of Trade Phoenicians Lebanese sailors who developed into powerful traders Byzantine Empire part of the former Roman Empire Byzantium early name for Istanbul Religious Impact on the Levant Melting pot of religions Greek Orthodox Judaism Christianity and Islam Jerusalem is the focal point Whirling Dervishes sect within Islamic faith Turkish dance Architecture of the Levant Church of the Holy Sepulchre Christian part of Jerusalem Western Wailing Wall all that remains from Roman destruction where Jews go to pray men and women at different sections Dome of Rock where Muslims go to pray where Muhammad is believed to have departed from earth to enter heaven Krak de Chevaliers in Syria reminiscent of Crusaders of England architectural style Hagia Sophia this huge dominant building was first built in Istanbul as a church then converted into a mosque and finally today is a museum Umayyad Mosque built in Syria in 705 and still remains active The tomb of St John the Baptist is housed within the mosque Elgin Marbles most famous art created by Greeks Topkapi palace turned mosque in Istanbul Klezmer music from Israel Art Holidays Feast of St Basil celebrated to mark the New Year with vassilopita Vassilopita special sweet bread containing good luck coin whoever gets piece with coin will have a lucky year Easter red dyed Easter eggs and lamb roasted on a stick Food Patterns Greece light breakfast heavy lunch late dinner Mezze small portions of traditional dishes served together as appetizers or even a meal Pita pocket bread common throughout the Middle East Lavosh Armenian cracker bread thin version of pita Phyllo very thin pastry Baklava baked dessert made of multiple layers of phyllo brushed with honey butter and chopped nuts Spanakopita main dish consisting of many layers of phyllo and spinach Falafel favorite dish made with chickpeas that are soaked and seasoned then formed into balls before fried Hummus a dip made from garbonzos Tahini paste of finely ground sesame seeds oil and lemon juice Foul mixture of chickpeas and black beans that have been soaked for days before cooked topped with garlic olive oil lemon tomato and cilantro Bulgur partially cooked and dried cracked wheat Kibbeh deep fat fried egg shaped shell of finely sliced lamb and cracked wheat paste encasing a filling of another meat Tabouli salad containing soaked bulgur parsley tomatoes olive oil Dolmas stuffed grape leaves usually containing rice Shawarma thinly sliced chicken or lamb layered tightly with fat and formed into a solid that is grilled on a rotisserie and sliced off in very thin long slices while on the skewer Souvlaki greek version of kabobs Moussaka casserole usually containing lamb and eggplant slices Raki distilled Turkish alcohol made from grape residue Ouzo Greece s distilled alcoholic drink from grape skins that are cooked with Lebneh soft cheese made by draining whey from yogurt Ibrik Turkish coffee maker Volcanic soil sets them apart Retsina addition of pine resin wine of the past Alpha Estates new Greek wine star anise Greek Wines Ch 12 North Africa Geographic Overview Five countries extend across North Africa from the Sinai Peninsula to Morocco Egypt Libya Tunisia Algeria and Morocco Adequate water is the universal problem throughout North Africa Sinai Peninsula desert and rugged mountains ruled and governed by Egypt Suez Canal path for ships from the Mediterranean to the Red Sea highway to India The Maghreb countries in northwest Africa Tunisia Algeria and Morocco Barbary Coast name given by the Europeans Moroccan Mountains Rif High Atlas Middle Atlas Anti Atlas The Nile River North flowing longest river in the world going through 10 different countries Aswan Dam eliminated annual floods and altered environment water storage and hydroelectricity were the result Agriculture Severely limited by lack of rainfall and the Sahara Desert where only a few oases afford a bit of water Sheep goats and camels delicacies can be raised in some parts but only a small amount of beef is produced due to the price Pigeons are also used in pies like Bastila that originated in Morocco Water buffalo and donkeys used to help farm crops in Egypt Variety of diet depends on imports Moroccan water vendors sell water in the streets in unique costumes their hardest time is during Ramadan History and Culture Heavily influenced by the Europeans 4th dynasty pyramids and the sphinx Ptolemaic Dynasty Alexander the Great the dynasty ended when Cleopatra and Mark Antony committed suicide The major religion is Islam Hajj pilgrimage to Mecca Saudi Arabia one of the largest pilgrimages in the world 5TH Pillar of Islam religious duty once in a lifetime cleaning of sins Berbers fierce fighters inhabitants of Libya and the Maghreb Shiite and Sunni different branches of Islam Daily Life Casbah old walled part of Arab city in North Africa Medina old walled Arab
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