Geographic Overview Ch 10 The Iberian Peninsula Iberian Peninsula a peninsula composed of Spain and Portugal forming the western part of Europe this region is shut off from the rest of the continent by the Pyrenees Mountains The climate is quite varied which allows production of a variety of crops Meseta High central plain in Spain is ringed by the Sierra Nevada Mountains Agriculture terrain and weather hinder agricultural efforts in both Spain and Portugal wheat can be grown in the northern Meseta regions and some rice is grown where irrigation is possible In Portugal and Southern Spain wine grapes are grown Portugal is known for port and ros wine and Madeira sweet fruity wines produced on Madeira the Portuguese island in the North Atlantic Ocean The Mediterranean climate of Southern Spain is well suited for growing olives and oranges History and Culture early destiny of the peninsula was shaped by the Romans but when the Roman Empire collapsed the peninsula was invaded by others Germanic tribes and the Moors Islamic invaders from Africa Morocco Christian attempts to rid the peninsula of the Moors resulted in Portugal becoming a nation The Christians eventually drove the Moors from Spain as well El Cid Spanish military hero who fought many battles for both the Moors and the Catholics and freed Valencia from the Moors in 1094 Exploring and Colonizing Caravels Sturdy vessels with lateen sails triangular sails extended on a spar and ying from a rather low mast Prince Henry the Navigator Portuguese leader who sponsored many voyages of exploration aboard caravels to very distant places Magellan Portuguese navigator who led the rst circumnavigation of the world from 1519 to 1522 but died in the Phillippines during the trip Bartolomeu Diaz Portuguese navigator who sailed around the Cape of Good Hope southern tip of Africa in 1488 Vasco de Gama Portuguese navigator who opened trade routes to India in 1498 and 1502 Portuguese developed colonies for the purpose of trade In Spain Ferdinand and Isabella sponsored the voyage of Colombus he discovered the new world Cortes Spanish explorer in Central America particularly Mexico in the 16th century Pizarro Spanish explorer who conquered the Incas in Peru in the 16th century and established Spanish dominance there The Inquisition Period when Spain required non Catholics to convert or leave the country torture was sometimes part of the imprisonment process in Spain Peru and Portugal Franco Spanish dictator for about 40 years in the 20th century Despite frequent interactions between Portugal and Spain each country managed to keep its own language Portuguese in Portugal and Brazil and Castilian as the of cial language in Spain the dominant religion in both countries is Catholicism there are many old mosque remnants from when the Moors were a power the architectural heritage of the Moors is seen throughout Southern Spain Fado Distinctive Portuguese musical form of the blues sung to guitar accompaniment Food Patterns the extensive trading with distant parts of the world meant that exotic foods became a part of the meals when the adventurers came back from their trips Language Religion The Arts Corn tomatoes pineapples potatoes pumpkin squash beans and coffee are examples of the foods that became part of the culture of Portugal Tea and a wide variety of spices also came to Portugal because of these explorations salted dried cod became popular as it was eaten on the long voyages Portugal Simple food pattern Breakfast cup of coffee with milk or hot chocolate plus some bread and jam milk is usually consumed at breakfast in one of these beverages and in the form of cheese at another time in the day Lunch and dinner are quite substantial meals Although the food is hearty the meals are actually quite simple Pork and sh are their main sources of protein Pork sausages are popular as well as smoked ham most abundant form of sh is salted and dried Bachalhau salted dried cod Peppers garlic onions tomatoes and potatoes are important vegetables in Portugal Chorizo sausage avored with paprikas and chilies that may be seasoned to be picante hot or dulce sweet Flan Baked custard dessert usually containing caramel in both Spain and Portugal Spain tends to be more adventuresome and fancy than Portugal Breakfast could be a Churro fried quickbread similar to a doughnut but extruded into a uted thick stick before frying with strong coffee or hot chocolate Paella traditional rice dish colored and avored by saffron and topped with cooked vegetables seafood and meats Saffron orange to yellow spice the stigma of purple crocus adds color and avor to dishes Cocido stew consisting of 3 traditional parts soup cooked vegetables and boiled meats with the speci c ingredients varying Tapa Small plate of tidbits of food designed for nibbling while having a drink in the late afternoon or early evening Sopa de ajo garlic soup popular in Spain Gazpacho chilled soup traditional in Spain made with many chopped vegetables plus beef or chicken stock red wine vinegar and olive oil Sangria Red wine blended with fruit juices Basques Group living in the Pyrenees Mountains near the Bay of Biscay in northeastern Spain some are seeking independence from Spain Marmitako Basque stew made with tuna and potatoes Porrusalda Basque soup that features potatoes and leeks Bacalao al Pil Pil Basque dish made with salt cod served in a garlic sauce Chapter 11 Greece and the Middle East Geographic Overview Peloponnesus Peninsula extending off the southwestern region of greece Bosporus Narrow channel that separates Europe from Asia between the Sea of Marmara and the Black Sea near their coasts Greece western Turkey Lebanon Syria and Israel have a climate moderated by the Mediterranean sea but the rest of the Middle East has very hot summers except in the mountainous regions agriculture is dif cult to grow Some livestock like cattle and sheep are grown in this area The Levant is the geographic region and culture zone of the eastern Mediterranean littoral between Anatolia and Egypt Includes Syria Lebanon Israel and Jordan Agriculture Greece more than half the land in Greece does not support vegetation despite this they are able to produce most of their own food and even export some wheat corn and rice are the cereal crops grapes and olives are important crops olive oil is used generously in cooking citrus fruits are also suitable in this climate The Levant water is scarce so agriculture is possible where there
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