FSU HFT 2890 - CHAPTER 15 – INDIA AND ITS NEIGHBORS – KEY TERMS

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CHAPTER 15 – INDIA AND ITS NEIGHBORS – KEY TERMSSamosaNaanTandoorChutneyCurryMulligatawny SoupDalMasalaFood PatternsReligions Sri LankaStupaTaj MahalDravidians and Aryans3 Main RiversBeverages PaneerBiryaniCHAPTER 15 – INDIA AND ITS NEIGHBORSHIMALAYA MOUNTAINS• 4 Main Climatic Zones• Major River Systems• Many Peaks are Sacred• Protective Area (protect from China)• Limits Growing Area• Tibet’s very high terrain limits agriculture primarily to barley and some hardy vegetables because of the short growing season and limited rainfall. • Tibet – Barley and Hardy Veggies• Tibet – Harsh Land and Substance FarmingMOUNT EVEREST• World’s Highest Mountain• Nepal Side• Sir George Everest – He was a Welsh Surveyor and Mount Everest is named after him – It took a long time for the native people to recognize Everest as the name of this mountain because they had their own name for it • Tourist Revenue RIVERS• The rivers are fed by the melting snows of the Himalayas, as well as the heavy rains that pelt the region during the monsoon season• Trading via rivers in India is not generally practical, and the extensive shoreline of the peninsula that comprises southern India also presents challenges to trade because of the limited number of good ports. Nevertheless, such ports as Mumbai (Bombay) and Madras are able to accommodate a considerable amount of freight via ships.• Brahmaputra• Flows east into the Bay of Bengal soon after entering Bangladesh on the east of northern India• Goes from Tibet to India• People live in the area surrounding the river• Irrigation and Transportation• Flooding• Empties into the Bay of Bengal• Transboundry River• Indus River• Traversing between the eastern and western parts of northern India and Pakistan is the Indus River, which empties into the Arabian Sea on the west after flowing many miles through Pakistan.• India, Pakistan, Tibet• Empties in Arabian Sea• Goes through many climatic changes• Ganges• India and Bangladesh• Religious River• Sunrise Boat Tour• Very Polluted• Empties into the Bay of Bengal• Holiest of Rivers in the Hindu religion• Goddess of Ganga• The Ganges Basin• Pollution – 5th most polluted river in the world – 400million people• India and Bangladesh • Empties into Bay of Bengal • Sacred along every fragment• Hindus bathe in the river to pay Homage to their ancestors and their gods – when they bathe in the river they cup the water in their hands and lift it up INDIA• India has rather diverse agricultural areas. The Himalayan foothills in the north have long been the source of excellent tea, which flourishes in the relatively cool and adequately moist climate. Some of the most favorable conditions for farming are found on the Indo-Gangetic plain, for the seasonal flooding helps to bring fresh soil to support the crops that are grown there. The areas affected by the monsoon rains are well suited to raising rice, which begins with the flooding of the fields followed by the gradual dryingas the crop matures. The Thar Desert, south of the Indus River, is hostile to farming.• Wheat, some barley, sorghum, and millet are other cereal crops that are grown in some parts of India. In addition to various fruits and vegetables, coconut and some spices are also grown in India south of the vast Deccan Plateau. Legumes are important crops, particularly because of the vegetarian diets of many people in India. Cooking oils are available from cottonseed, rapeseed, and sesame grown in the country.• Buffalo (actually water buffalo) milk is the dairy product commonly used; cows are sacre3d and thus are not generally considered a source of food, but some people do consume their milk. Some beef is consumed in India, although lamb is more popular, particularly in the north. • Dravidians and Aryans are the two main races of people – there is a lot of discrimination between these two races• Hinduism is the main religion (80%)• Buddhism is another religion practicedDRAVIDIANS• Are 28% of the population and they are the minority • Southern India• Early in the history of southern India, the Dravidians appear to have made their way beyond the Deccan Plateau into the hospitable region at the southern tip of India (Cape Comorin). There they were generally isolated from the struggles that often marked the development of northern India. Their language, Tamil, was distinctly different from the Aryan languages that evolved in northern India. • Short, Dark-Skinned People and Light-Skinned PeopleARYANS• Are 72% of the population• They came from Iran and Southern Russia in 1500BC• The Aryans brought changes that eventually shaped the region. India became the home of two major religions, Hinduism and Buddhism. Aryan priests carefully created the Vedas, the four books outlining Hinduism.• This religious documentation established the Caste System and other important aspects of Hinduism.• The Aryans are credited with bringing the language of Sanskrit to India and to Hinduism.CASTE SYSTEM• As you work up the levels of the caste system you are considered to be a better personHINDUISM• 3rd Largest Religion in the World• It is considered to be a “Way of Life”• No Single Founder• Karma (Actions)• Dharma (Laws of Nature)• Reincarnation and Meditation • Sacred Cow – it is considered to be a peaceful animal BUDDHISM• Siddhartha Gautama is the founder of Buddhism and he is called “The Enlightened One”• The 4 Noble Truths – Suffering• Desire and Ignorance – are the root of suffering• Dalai Lama – TibetSTUPA• Mound-Like Structure/Heap• Buddhist Relics• Worship• The Gupta Empire reached across northern India during the period from 320 to 750 CE. Although this was a Hindu empire at the time, much evidence of Buddhism, such as stupas (dome-shaped religious mounds) and statues coexisted with the art associated with Hinduism. • Stupa – Covered mound, often containing a relic of significance for Buddhists.THE TAJ MAHAL AT SUNSET• After the golden period of the Guptas, there was a gradual decline in political leadership which left the way open for the invasion of Babur, a Mongol descendant of Genghis Khan, who created a powerful and culturally rich empire in northern India. This Mughal Empire left such cultural richness as the Taj Mahal and other artistic accomplishments.• “The Jewel” of Muslim are


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FSU HFT 2890 - CHAPTER 15 – INDIA AND ITS NEIGHBORS – KEY TERMS

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