Chapter 11 Greece Turkey and the Levant Greece Wheat Corn and rice are the favored cereal crops of Greece Peloponnesus peninsula extending off the southern region of Greece o Grapes olives Sheep meat and dairy value Feta Cheese comes from ewe s milk Fish Ottoman Turks gained control of Greece and ruled for almost 400 years Byzantium early name for the city once called Constantinople but now called Istanbul Byzantine Empire eastern part of the former Roman Empire Religion Greek Orthodoxy Celebrate the feast of St Basil o Vassilopita rich sweet bread containing a good luck coin to celebrate the New Year Greek Easter includes red eggs and lamb roasted on a spit Mezze small portions of traditional dishes served together in very small amounts as an appetizer course or as even a meal in Greece Food Pattern o Light breakfast often tea or coffee and a baked bread or other baked item o Hearty Lunch o Late Supper Pita pocket bread Lavosh Armenian cracker bread basically a very thin version of pita without a pocket Phyllo extremely thin dough that is formed into large sheets and serves as the main ingredient for desserts and some main dishes Baklava baked desert made of multiple layers of phyllo brushed with butter honey or rosewater or both and chopped nuts Spanakopita main dish consisting of many layers of phyllo spinach and various other ingredients according to taste Falafel dish made by creating a paste of soaked chickpeas and seasonings shaping into balls or other forms and frying in deep fat Hummus dip made with pureed cooked chickpeas tahini lemon juice garlic and olive oil Tahini paste of finely ground sesame seds sesame oil and lemon juice Foul mixture of cooked chickpeas and black or broad beans that have been soaked together for at least two days before being cooked served with topping of garlic olive oil lemon tomato and cilantro Bulgur partially cooked and dried cracked wheat Kibbeh deep fat fried eg shaped shell of a finely minced lamb and cracked wheat paste encasing a filling of another meat Tabouli salad containing soaked bulgur minced parsley and mint diced tomatoes olive oil and lemon juice Dolmas stuffed grape leaves usually containing rice and often other ingredients may be served hot or cold Sharwarma thinly sliced chicken or lamb layered tighly with fat and formed into a solid that is grilled vertically on a rotisserie and sliced off in very thin long slices while still on the skewer Souvlaki Greek version of kabobs Moussaka casserole usually containing lamb onions tomato sauce and eggplant slices Ouzo Greece distilled alcoholic drink made from grape skins Retsina Greek rose or white wine flavored with pine resin Lebneh soft cheese made by draining whey from yogurt Turkey Southern part citrus sesame oil seeds olives and cotton Hittites civilization occupying parts of Turkey and Syria Religion Muslim Islam Ibrik Turkish coffee maker designed with a long handle and a narrow neck Raki distilled Turkish alcoholic beverage made from grape residue with anise for added flavor turns milky if water is added The Levant Levant at the eastern end of the Mediterranean Sea including Syria Lebanon Israel and Jordan Water is very scarce due to hot and dry desert climate Iran beluga caviar which is harvested in Caspian Sea on its border o Sheep and olive trees Religion Judaism Western Wall Wailing wall important site for Jews to pray located in Jerusalem Istanbul o Hagia Sophia huge domed church built by Byzantine Empire now a museum Tigris and Euphrates river flow into Persian Gulf Chapter 12 North Africa 5 countries from Sinai Peninsula to Morocco o Morocco Algeria Tunisia Libya Egypt Maghreb countries in the northwestern part of Africa Morocco Algeria and Tunisia Suez canal highway to India took 10 years to build Nile River flows north and longest river in world Barbary Coast Berber inhabitants of Libya and Maghreb o Berber Fierce fighters who controlled over desert and its caravan routes Sahara Desert sand storms little rainfall Agriculture wheat millet and some corn and rice as well as broad beans and vegetables Sheep goats and camels small amount of beef produced beef is preferred in Morocco o Pigeons sometimes are housed in dovecotes as another source of meat Bastila flaky crusted pigeon pie flavored with ginger cumin cayenne saffron and cinnamon and dusted with confectioner s sugar originated in Fez Morocco o Camels parts that are used as a source of meat brisket ribs loin hump is a delicacy Because water is scarce Moroccan water vendors walk the streets hard times during Ramada 31 dynasties ruled Egypt before Alexander the Great conquered in 332 BCE o French British Germany and Italy all have ruled there now ruled by own leaders 4th dynasty pyramids and sphinx Religion Islam o Hajj pilgrimage to Mecca Saudi Arabia one of the largest pilgrimages everyone part of this religion should go at least once in a lifetime religious duty cleansing of sins 5th pillar of Islam Food Patterns o Eating is done using the first three fingers of the right hand the left hand is never used using is considered bad manners o Tagine stew prepared in a round pottery bowl topped with a conical lib bowl and lid also called tagine a unique product of Morocco o Breakfast is simply coffee and some bread or cereal product o Pork prohibited in both Islam and Jewish diets o Tamiya fried bean patties o Bet tai disc shaped yeast leaved wheat flour that is popular in Egypt and other countries of North Africa about 14 inches in diameter o Burghul granular cereal product made by boiling and drying cracked wheat also called bulgur o Couscous cereal product made by drizzling water on wheat flour and rolling It into small pellets which are then steamed until fluffy o Harira hearty soup containing legumes meat and vegetables seasoned with spices and lemon important for suppers during Ramadan Sahel broad band of land across West Africa between the Sahara and the lush vegetation along Chapter 13 West Africa the southern coast o Sahel people are seminomadic 2 long rivers Volta Niger 3rd largest River Tsetse fly vector for sleeping sickness a serious disease in parts of West Africa Empires o Ghana dominant power from 5th to the 11th century o Mali dominating trade from Senegal to Egypt from 13th to 15th century o Songhai dominant after splitting from Mali in the 14th century and into the 16th century Berlin Conference meeting at which European colonial powers divided the African countries without including Africans in
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