FAD3271 Test 2 O EIndividuals Family Systems receive information through 4 major processes 1 Perceiving Perception Chapter 5 2 Spacing Space Time Chapter 6 3 Valuing Values Beliefs Chapter 7 4 Deciding Decision Making Chapter 8 Self Concept esteem people s perception of themselves Week 7 Perceiving Seeing an image Taking in sensory stimulation input Organization of materials process Some type of action output Perception process of meaningfully organizing sensations to gain useable picture of world Perceiving active process of interpreting giving meaning to the environment Filtering Process involves Physical Factors sensory mechanisms Social Factors Information from environment is received through the body s physical Input forms an image is interpreted for understanding 1 Perceptions filtered through the social system Language limits influences meanings we establish Individual Factors Abilities experiences influence a person s meanings interpretation processes Assumptions about human behavior Expectations Knowledge Personal Moods 3 Steps used to Attach Meaning to Experiences 1 Selection n Intensityn Repetition n Motivation 2 Organization n Arrange data in a meaningful way n Age of perceiver 3 Interpretation Factors influencing interpretation n Past experiencesn Assumptions about human behavior n Expectationsn Knowledgen Personal moods Physiological Influences on Perception n Tasten Odorn Temperature n Touchn Visionn Loudnessn Other Interpretation Gaining Meaning Assimilation Individual receives input from the environment There is existing knowledge of the information Person takes information identifies it places into existing category Accommodation Environment influences person prompts mind to change its internal functioning in terms of external world A person sees something that doesn t fit into an existing category must make a new category for it Characteristics of Perceptual Organization Proximity Stimuli or objects close together are perceived as part of the same group 1 Nine squares placed without proximity They are perceived as separate shapes When squares are given close proximity unity occurs They continue to be separate shapes but are now perceived as 1 group Similarity stimuli or objects with similar characteristics size shape color or form tend to be grouped together The 11 distinct objects appear as a single unit because all of the shapes have similarity Unity occurs because the triangular shapes at the bottom of the eagle symbol look similar to the shapes that form the sunburst When similarity occurs an object can be emphasized if dissimilar to others The figure on the far right becomes focal point because it is dissimilar to other anomaly shapes Continuity stimulus or objects that seem to form continuous patterns are perceived as whole Continuity occurs because viewer s eye will follow a line or curve The smooth flowing crossbar of the H leads eye to the maple leaf Closure stimuli that seem to form part of a whole tend to be perceived together as if the total pattern were there When the viewer s perception completes a shape closure occurs Although the panda is not complete enough is present for eye to complete the shape Contiguity stimuli occurring in close proximity in time space something touching or in contact Contiguous states in U S Scandinavia Perceptual Blindness Visual system can focus on only one or very few objects at a time Brain is fills gaps compiles a cohesive portrait of reality based on a flickering view Visual attentiveness limited resources 1 2 More information than you can analyze process In deciding what to focus on the brain essentially only takes in that information Rules Perception has physical cognitive emotional individual characteristics Perceiver affects what is perceived Environment in which perception occurs is important Sense organs are not as important as integration of processing functions Week 2 Symbolic Interactionism Origins of Symbolic Interactionism Early 1900s Industrial Revolution Pragmatist Philosophers Meaning comes from our interactions with objects not from objects themselves Meaning is negotiated through use of language People can change society through communication interaction Principle Scholars 1 George Herbert Mead How we develop our sense of self Play Stage Game Stage Practice imitate imagine role of only 1 person at a time Understand many perspectives family roles group fit Predict how behaviors affect society understand norms Generalized Other 2 Charles Horton Cooley Looking glass self 3 William Isaac Thomas Family has role in socialization Definition of situation different interpretations Subjective opinion valued has real consequences 4 Herbert Blumer 1st to use phrase symbolic interactionism Basic Assumptions We understand relate to our environment based on the symbols that we know or learn We react to something according to the meaning that thing has for us We learn about meaning through interactions with others we make value judgments We interpret what s learned we aren t passive We must have a sense of self to interact with others based on our meaning of situations Infants are asocial develop sense of self as they interact not born with temperament Sense of self motivates future behavior we reflect on experiences use them as guide We are born into environment with symbols values assigned at birth We are influenced by cultural norms values changing societal expectations We learn rules values of society through everyday interactions within our culture Symbols The meaning of symbols is Learned from interacting Based on way we see others using them May not be the same in different situations Based on context of current environment Interaction Social behavior between two or more people Some type of communication takes place They react modify their behavior Necessary part of socialization Gestures Nonverbal communication e g facial expressions Acts that represent something else Social Norms Rituals Social Norms Expectations of how to act when We adapt our behavior based on social norms Rituals How family celebrates holidays Which symbols gestures are appropriate Roles Set of social norms for specific situation We define for ourselves what is appropriate for each role we play Family roles change over time Provider housekeeper troublemaker nurturer star scapegoat perfectionist overachiever black sheep Identity Roles most salient for us define our identity More salient more important We give priority to roles that
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