Perceiving Exam 2 FAD3271 Seeing an image taking in sensory stimulation input organization of materials process some type of action output Perception is the process of meaningfully organizing sensations to gain a useable picture of the worlds The first stage of choice Filtering Physical factors Perceiving is the active process of interpreting and giving meaning to the environment Information from environment is received through the body s physical sensory Input forms an image and is interpreted for understanding Perceptions filtered through the social system Language limits and influences meanings we establish mechanisms Social factors Individual factors processes Abilities and experiences influence a person s meanings and interpretation Assumptions about human behavior Expectations Knowledge Personal moods Steps to attach meaning to experiences Selection Intensity Repetition Motivation Organization Arrange data in a meaningful way Age of perceiver Interpretation gaining meaning Factors that influence interpretation Past experiences Expectations Assumptions about human behavior Knowledge Personal mood Assimilation existing category Accommodation Individual receives input from the environment There is existing knowledge of the information Person takes information identifies it and places into Environment influences person and prompts mind to change its internal functioning in terms of external world A person sees something that doesn t fit into an existing category and must make a new category for it Physiological influences on Perception Taste odor temperature touch vision loudness etc Characteristics of Perceptual Organization Proximity stimuli or objects close together are perceived as part of the same group The nine squares without proximity are perceived as separate shapes When the squares are in close proximity unity occurs Though they are still separate shapes they are now perceived as one group Similarity stimuli or objects with similar characteristics shape size color or form tend to be grouped together The 11 distinct objects appear as a single unit because all of the shapes have Unity occurs because the triangular shapes at the bottom look similar to the shapes that form the sunburst When the similarity occurs an object can be emphasized if dissimilar to the others The figure on the far right becomes the focal point because it is dissimilar to the other shapes Continuity stimulus or objects that seem to form continuous patters are perceived as whole Continuity occurs because the viewer s eye will follow a line or curve The smooth flowing crossbar of the H leads the eye to the maple leaf Closure stimuli that seems to form part of a whole tend to be perceived together as if the total pattern were there When the viewer s perception completes a shape closure occurs similarity anomaly Although the panda is not complete enough is present for the eye to complete the Contiguity stimuli occurring in close proximity in time and space something touching or in shape contact Contiguous states in the US Scandinavia Perceptual Blindness Visual system can focus on only one or very few objects at a time Brain fills in gaps and compiles a cohesive portrait of reality based on a flickering view Visual attentiveness limited resources More information than you can analyze and process In deciding what to focus on the brain essentially only takes in that information Rules Perception has physical cognitive emotional and individual characteristics Perceive affects what is perceived Environment in which perception occurs is important Sense organs are not as important as integration of processing functions Maslow s Hierarchy of Needs Physiological Needs Thirst and hunger are dominating needs The need for water is the absolute strongest above all Safety Needs maintenance of the physical self and a protection from dangers in the physical environment May dictate a preference for familiar rather than new things and for a predictable and orderly world Belonging and Love Needs need for a close emotionally satisfying relationship with others At first love is in the form of receiving but after receiving enough of it for so long they begin to give it in return Esteem Needs desire for self respect self esteem and the esteem of others A person desires to fulfill achievement mastery and competence needs Allows you to develop feelings of high self esteem and independence Self Actualization highest of needs and emerges after the first four have been adequately satisfied It is the realization of one s potential and ideals Is an ongoing life process of striving for potential Symbolic Interactionism Origins of Symbolic Interactions Began in early 1900s Industrial Revolution Pragmatist Philosophers Meaning comes from our interactions with objects not from objects themselves Meaning is negotiated through use of language Ex respect means different things to different people Respect for romantic partner faithful communicate Respect for older family member obedience yes ma am no ma am listen to their stories People can change society through communication and interaction Ex Women petitioning for their rights Principle Scholars George Herbert Mean talked about How we developed our sense of self Play stage Game stage Generalized other Practice imitate imagine role of only 1 person at a time Ex son imitating dad shaving Understand many perspectives family roles group fit Ex when a kid can join a sports team Predict how behaviors affect society understand norms Ex I should not hit people because it is wrong Charles Horton Cooley William Isaac Thomas Family has a role in socialization Looking glass self Who we think we are is based on how we think others see us Definition of the situation different interpretations Given the same situation two or more people can get many more interpretations Subjective opinion valued has real consequences Ex if someone thinks their boyfriend is cheating on them even if they are wrong that thought is going to have consequences Herbert Blumer 1st to use phrase symbolic interactionism Basic assumptions We understand and relate to our environment based on the symbols that we know or learn We react to something according to the meaning that thing has for us Ex daycare center in Finland water play time was naked In our culture that would be odd We learn about meaning through interactions with others we make value judgments We interpret what s learned we aren t passive We must have a sense of
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