October 31st Notes on Social Exchange Theory Article In Class N People make decisions based on costs and rewards Ex 2 points on exam if you dressed up for Halloween Reward is the points some may have found that more rewarding Better grade costs getting up early embarrassment having to buy a costume Is outcome more rewarding than costly for you We think in terms of relationships Humans form interpersonal relationships with expectation of costs and benefits people motivated by self interest we seek rewards avoid punishment make decision reward pleasurable want to experience more often what s rewarding varies person to person and context of situation cost something you don t like or want to experience something you have to give up ex spanking taking away TV for the night can defer us from wanting to do an activity Individual is constrained by choices Seek to maximize rewards and minimize costs What we think will happen Humans are rational Ability to calculate rewards and costs Gain most reward and fewest costs Profit rewards greater than costs loss occurs when costs are greater Then consider alternatives before acting and choosing Ex playing with dolls is not so enjoyable now but it was rewarding at age 10 I use to hate nap time but now I love naps What is costly to us can vary over time ex the naps Social relationships characterized by interdependence Give rewards they give you them Both providing things If you do not think you deserve that much it might be more satisfying Ex abusive relationship person over time thinks they are not deserving Ex people with high self esteem know they deserve more Ex everyone seems happier maybe this isn t right Compare situations Alternative Relationships Reciprocity expect this Seek someone who is similar Ex romantic relationships What do you want in a partner Rewards good heart driven caring selfless compassionate giving open funny trustworthy supportive family oriented likes kids Costs stubborn selfish lying messy who pays for the dinner date mate selection and breaking up based on costs and rewards compability Compliment Sandwiches Rewards social approval autonomy ambiguity is costly security is rewarding money values opinions beliefs equality Pay off Higher Pay off Lower Satisfy and Stable Satisfy and Unstable Unsatisfy and Stable Unsatisfy and Unstable Stressor EVENT that cannot effectively be managed by the individual s or family s usual way of doing things Ex when moving to another school having to make new friends learning new material and catching up Ex having a child or loss of a family member Ex having a short time illness or long term make up work getting behind can turn into a pile up Stress RESPONSE of distress when our problems exceed our abilities to solve them Crisis CONSEQUENCE of not being able to adapt to stress Ex if your having a divorce some people cant cope with it well it may Ex having a panic attack the feeling of not being able to breath Stress may never reach crisis if resources are effectively utilized to resist lead to depression disruptive change Stressor event stress response Crisis consequence ABCX Model A stressor B existing resources C Perception of A X crisis Alt Relationship FEW Available Stability MANY Nov 5th Continued O Stress Definitions all three of these things interacting with one another impact the potential for a crisis to occur Family Stress Normal and inevitable Disrupts equilibrium of family functioning Goes along with general systems theory Family try to cope by attempting to maintain equilibrium Each member has own perception of stressor Ex age can impact different stressors money doesn t mean the same thing to a 10 year old as a 36 year old does TIES INTO THE CHRONOSYSTEM Characteristics of Stressors A When there is a stressor it can be something that originates within the individual ex acute illness loss of job on a family level microsystem divorce abuse moving having a child and exosystem ex on a community level a tornado affecting an entire community wars recession Normative involve developmental or universal challenges most families encounter Ex the birth of a child sending your child to college Nonnormative involve the idiosyncratic challenges and events not typically present in families Ex having a child who has a disability death of a child premature death of spouse getting into a major car accident substance abuse Divorce is now becoming NORMATIVE Internal originate within the family Ex abuse within the family chronic gambling inability to bear children mental illness substance abuse External originate outside the family Ex discrimination economic depression natural disasters robbery Volitional something we choose and seek out something we wanted to happen Ex going to college taking a job promotion pregnancy Non volitional not chosen not sought out Ex laid off of work pregnancy if you didn t want the pregnancy to happen Acute last relatively short period of time miscarriages a lot of people are able to move past that The event is short ex natural disasters tornados hurricanes earthquakes fires ex illness cold brief illness but the effects could be longer depends on the nature of the event itself Chronic last a long time Ex illness diabetes cancer Ex economic condition poverty Ex social conditions discrimination Ex living near constant danger volcano Isolated single episode Ex loss of a job Cumulative stressor pile up Ex managing bills looking for another job decreased social activities More on stress Requires continuous recognition adjustment and adaptation Offers potential for both growth and loss Sometimes people can experience distress negative outcomes or eustress positive outcomes Continued Nov 7 P Perception of Stressors Definition the Family Makes of The Event C Meaning or interpretation of the event and its accompanying hardships Ex pessimistic Optimistic Falls on a continuum one person might have a pessimistic view on a situation and someone else might have an optimistic view Ex if a young couple were to get pregnant and then the boyfriend gets an awesome job offer the girl might be really optimistic thinking its great for their future and the boy might think pessimistically that its not the right time Goes back to myers briggs personality Thinker vs feeler Influenced by past experience personality values culture If the event is viewed as overwhelming it becomes immobilizing which leads to the higher risk of less functioning anxiety up options down if difficulty acknowledged
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