Study Guide KNES 350 Exam 3 Stress Understand overload 1 The terms stress homeostasis allostasis allostatic load and allostatic a Stress An imbalance in physiological systems that activates both physiological and behavioral responses to restore balance b Homeostasis the process of regulating and maintaining physiological balance in the face of challenges to the system All physiological systems tied to a set point that must be maintained c Allostasis Maintaining stability through change i Restricted to systems truly essential to life pH body temp glucose levels oxygen tension d Allostatic Load and Overload The cumulative wear and tear on the body and brain when i The stress system is not turned on when needed ii The stress system is not turned off when it is not needed iii The stress system is overused during many stressors e Allostatic Load Acute Increases BP and HR i Promotes immune function ii iii Converts lipids and proteins to CHO and regulates appetite iv Amygdala and hippocampus direct mobilization of systems for fight or flight 2 The general effects of exercise on self reported feelings of stress a Acute exercise lasting about 30 minutes is associated with the largest reductions in perceived stress b Chronic exercise lasting at least a few months is associated with reports of reduced perceptions of chronic stress c Potential mechanisms i Short term distraction ii Enhanced feelings of control self worth success doing something for yourself d Weaknesses of past studies using self report i Often no placebo group Hawthorne effect ii Often cross sectional designs or no clear training effects Dose response iii Little consideration for the physiological systems involved in the stress response or for the physiological systems involved in exercise iv Little consideration for potential behavioral artifacts 3 The physiological systems that respond to stress a Autonomic Nervous System i During psychological stress 1 Sympathetic activation increases a This results in release of norepinephrine from free nerve endings to all areas and epinephrine from adrenal medulla 2 Parasympathetic activation may decrease or increase a Sudden large changes in HR loss of bowel control ii These responses occur in preparation for or anticipation of ACTION iii During exercise 1 Sympathetic activation increases a Norepinephrine and Epinephrine 2 Parasympathetic activation decreases a Initial HR acceleration due to vagal withdrawal inhibited by SNS iv These responses occur to support ACTION at an increased metabolic rate b The Pressor Reflex Afferent sensory information sent up from mechano receptors and metabo receptors c Central Command Efferent signals originating in motor cortex regarding the type of movement being performed 4 Hypothalamic Pituitary Adrenal axis What is the HPA axis What are the areas of the brain and peripheral organs that control the level of cortisol in the body What is negative feedback and how is cortisol regulated by negative feedback a Amygdala and the Hypothalamus b Adrenal cortex releases cortisol c Fit people have lower cortisol levels than unfit people 5 How stress responses become pathogenic allostatic overload a Allostatic Overload i Inhibits immune function ii Atherosclerotic plaques CHD iii Insulin sensitivity is reduced and insulin levels increased Increased body fat and atherosclerosis 1 2 Metabolic Syndrome iv Atrophy in amygdala and hippocampus impaired memory and responses to threat 6 How exercise involves activation of the same systems that respond to stress Immune cardiovascular metabolism nervous system Increased blood volume increase cardiac output a b c Reducing resting HR enhanced vagal tone d Reduced resting systolic and diastolic blood pressure e Reduced rate of accumulation of lactate at a given intensity i NE release at a given absolute intensity ii NE release is unchanged at a given relative intensity iii The release of NE is enhanced at VO2max iv 7 How exercise training may promote adaptations in physiological systems that respond to stress a Exercise training results in adaptations in physiological systems such that physiological activation during non exercise related stressors is reduced compared to before training 8 The study by White Welkley et al 1996 purpose methods results conclusion a White Welkley examined plasma ACTH and prolactin after novel footshock treadmill trained rats chronic immobilization estrogen on rats i ACTH and prolactin after footshock were higher in treadmill trained rats with estrogen to Cl and sedentary rats w out estrogen ii Exercise may increase responsiveness of HPA axis during exposure to novel stress 9 The study by Soares et al 1999 purpose methods results conclusion a What is the rate limiting enzyme for NE synthesis i Tyrosine b Rats randomly assigned to cages with without access to a wheel c 40 hr after last day of wheel activity i inescapable footshock 5 seconds at a time The yoked rat was not shocked d Measured NE and DOPAC in frontal cortex 10 Physiological Toughness Increased catecholamine capacity in the CN a b Reduced levels of catecholamines in the periphery at rest c Greater catecholamine capacity and responsiveness d Less cortisol response to stress in fit people Anxiety 1 Mental Health State of successful performance of mental function resulting in productive activities fulfilling relationships and the ability to adapt to change to cope with adversity a Mental illness Collectively all diagnosable mental disorders 2 Anxiety Pathological counterpart of normal fear manifested by disturbances of mood as well as thinking behavior and physiological activity 3 Summarize the DSM IV definitions of a panic attack and panic disorder What are the most common and least common symptoms of a panic attack a Panic Attack A discrete period in which there is the sudden onset of intense apprehension fearfulness or terror often associated with feelings of impending doom Common symptoms i Palpitations ii Trembling iii Sweating b Uncommon symptoms i Numbness tingling ii Fear of uncontrolled behavior iii Feelings of choking c Panic Disorder Repeated and recurring episodes of panic attacks 4 Understand the distinction between state and trait anxiety a State transient emotional state characterized by feelings of apprehension doom threat b TRAIT A more general predisposition to respond with apprehension worry and nervousness across many situations 5 How is anxiety measured a Psychological measure Self report b Physiological measures i