knes350 exam 2 Risk a dangerous element 11 26 12 6 59 PM many times you will take a risk due to achievement need people have a desire to achieve certain needs if you don t feel like you have to achieve you ll be less likely to take the risks necessary to succeed o normally people make more risky decisions when in a group because the blame for a bad decision is shared persuasive personalities emerge in a group situation that can sway the group towards risky behavior in American society it takes some level of risk to succeed ex Dr Brown s husband was offered jobs that required moving risk do you uproot the millionaires best place to take risk is SPORTS family for a new job Athletes face 4 different types of risks 1 Physical o bodily harm or even death o can be reduced with safety equipment rules referees mouthguards sneakers etc 2 Monetary o financial risks of sports participation if you get a college scholarship to play a sport they pull the scholarship if you get injured 3 Social you re everyone s friend when winning but there is a social risk when you aren t doing well who are your real friends o Issues involving making friends o NCAA requires athletes to have a career path progress towards a degree 4 Moral Ethical ethical values abiding by NCAA rules abide by curfews ethics on playing field o areas where you might have to compromise your standards o ex coach walks best hitter to get to special needs player Jon Chaney Temple bball coach puts player in the game to act as the goon Player broke an apposing players arm Achievement Need in Athletes Athletes who are high in achievement need are more motivated to take risk than people with low achievement need Athletes are generally higher in achievement need than non athletes Athletes use sport to take risks and achieve Chances athletes will take on playing field Risk in baseball stealing a base Risk in football quarterback position kicker Golfers Environment you are in contributes to whether you are a risk taker or not You can start putting kids in risky situations at the age of 2 parent child interaction can create this personality to make kids want to achieve through risk taking Mothers who expect sons to be independent and do well at an early age tend to have sons who are higher in achievement motivation scores and these kids tend to learn life skills earlier in life learn to be self reliant and competitive in sports High risk takers vs low risk takers MAS motivated to achieve success o You can t have everyone wanting to take the buzzer shot o Usually one person stands out in the team MAF motivated to avoid failure Theory of Achievement Motivation Created by Atkinson Who are the risk takers and how do we know they are risk takers Personality Test take the people who are not average the low and high extremes set up 3 targets in a lab one target has a hula hoop that was really close 100 chance of success another hula hoop placed in the middle 50 chance of success another hula hoop placed at the end 10 of a chance Given bean bags to toss into whichever hula hoop you desire 100 chance you can make one 50 chance you can make second and 10 chance you can make third MAF chose the first hula hoop and also chose the furthest one MAS chose the 50 50 hula hoop Why Motivated to avoid failure wanted the sure thing so they chose the 100 hula hoop but chose the 10 chance hula hoop if they missed no one expected them to make it so they were off the hook it really wasn t failure MAS chose 50 50 because they feel comfortable with themselves and know they can do it but they want the challenge Conclusions from findings achievement need in sport is identified with winning and the motivation to succeed o Athletes in general were found to be higher in achievement need than non athletes o Athletes seek sport as a situation to resolve this need o Element of stress in sport where athletes rationally approach situations compared to non athletes reason elite athletes can take risk is because they practice so much and have motor memory when buzzer shots come up they don t even have to think about what to do Motor memory practice allows body to react so quickly o It s a good stress competitive stress that does not impede progress o Stress narrows margin of safety o 1000th of a second determines winner loser Some people are motivated for risk taking because it can help meet their motivational needs how do you develop high achievers difficult to master Parents should be encouraged to set goals that are challenging but not too Offer encouragement rather than detailed instruction Give approval when execute a task Reward hard work Be careful of how much praise you give a child in sport around the age of 12 because they will not value it when they really do something well Danger Aggression Risk that is beyond control As you practice something more and more it becomes less dangerous to you To do anything in life you have to be aggressive Definition refers to an observable act that is intended to inflict psychological or physical harm on another person or oneself Look at the intent of the player to assess his aggression Two Types of Aggression Hostile Instrumental Hostile Aggression Primary reinforcement is satisfaction of seeing harm inflicted on another person Purpose is to cause injury and pain o Ex committing a flagrant foul in bball where the goal is to maliciously hurt the opposing player Instrumental Aggression Different on basis of reason why athlete inflicts or attempts to inflict injury aggression towards obtaining some goal goal is to stop the play Intends to cause pain or injury to opponent but the bottom line is it is not the intent if they tackle a person and injury does occur oh well that s part of the game In hostile aggression the intent was to cause pain or suffering But both cases are neither accepted in sport Ex committing the smart foul in bball where you foul a player to make them earn their points at the free throw line How to determine if its hostile or instrumental Chuck Cecil left NFL so many penalties moved from team to team No team wanted him Observation if you see Chuck Cecil doing this over and over look at the intent of the player coaches team how rough are they Reputation as a team Four ways to tell intent of aggression 1 observation watch how the event happened 2 intent can you tell the intent 3 Look at situations leading up to the event was there past aggression 4 Previous performances does the individual have a past history of