Knes 350 Chapter 1 Sport and Exercise Psychology the scientific study of people and their behaviors in sport and exercise activities and the practical application of that knowledge Roles of sport and exercise Psychologists Research Inquiry for the purpose of advancing knowledge and sharing it through professional meetings and journal articles Asking and pursuing answers to questions about sport psychology Teaching Teaching university courses in either psychology or exercise and sport science Students Coaches parents and athletes who want more information about sport and exercise psychology Consulting Working with athletes of all ages and abilities in the fitness industry and in sports medicine and physical therapy Coaching in the classic format and other behavior modification methods Sport Psychology Specialties Clinical sport psychologists Are licensed psychologists Are Trained to work with individuals with severe emotional disorders Are trained to help athletes with problems such as eating disorders and substance abuse This level of practice goes beyond what coaches would be expected to provide Educational Sport Psychology Specialists Use mental coaching approaches understand psychology of Have training in physical education kinesiology or exercise and human movement sport science This is the stance most coaches take in their daily practice Relationship of Sport Science and Psychology knowledge to Sport and Exercise Psychology Sport Science Knowledge Domain Psychology knowledge Domain Biomechanics Exercise physiology Abnormal psychology Clinical psychology Motor Development Motor learning and control Sports Medicine Sports pedagogy Sport Sociology Counseling psychology Developmental psychology Experimental psychology Personality psychology Physiological psychology Historical Periods in Sport and Exercise Psychology Period 1 the early Years 1893 1920 Period 2 The Griffith era 1921 1938 Period 3 Preparation for the future 1939 1965 Period 4 Establishment of academic sport psychology 1966 1967 Period 5 Multidisciplinary science and practice in sport and exercise psychology 1978 2000 Period 6 Contemporary sport and exercise psychology 2000 present Science of Sport and Exercise psychology Science A process or method of learning about the world through the systematic controlled empirical and critical filtering of knowledge acquired through experience Goals of science Theory derives from the following o Describing Explaining Predicting Controlling Scientific Guidelines o Systematic Empirical Controlled Critical Theory A set of interrelated facts presenting a systematic view of some phenomenon in order to describe explain and predict its future occurrences Studies vs Experiments Study The investigator observes or assesses without changing the environment in any way Experiment The Investigator manipulates variables while observing them and then examines how changes in one or more variables affect changes in others Understanding Professional Practice Knowledge Professional Practice Knowledge is what we learn through experience using many methods of knowing Methods of knowing Scientific Method Systematic Observation Single Case Study Shared public experiences Introspection Intuition Scientifically Derived Knowledge vs Professional Practice Knowledge Scientifically Derived Unbiased Strengths Highly reliable Systematic and Controlled Objective and Limitations Reductionistic conservative often slow to evolve lack of focus on external validity Professional Practice Strengths Holistic Innovative Immediate Limitations less reliable Lack of explanations greater susceptibility to bias Integrating Scientific and Professional Practice Knowledge Apply scientific principles in your professional work setting Evaluate the utility of scientific principles in the particular context in which you are involved Keep current by updating and modifying your scientific knowledge Hold realistic expectations relative to the strengths and limitations base of scientific principles Sport and Exercise Psychology As an Art and a Science The science of coaching teaching or leadership focuses on using general scientific principles The art of coaching teaching or leadership is knowing when and how to individualize these general principles Contextual intelligence is critical Three Approaches to Sport and Exercise Psychology Psychophysiological Orientation Examines underlying psychophysiological processes of the brain in terms of primary causes of behavior Example Biofeedback to trained marksmen Social Psychological Orientation Behavior is determined by a complex interaction of the social environment and the personal makeup of the athlete or exerciser Example How a leader s style and strategies foster group cohesion Cognitive Behavioral Orientation Behavior is determined by both the environment and thoughts cognitions Example Studying differences in confidence and anxiety among tennis players with or without burnout The Present and Future of Sport and Exercise Psychology 1 More people are interested in acquiring training in psychological skills and applied work 2 There is greater emphasis on counseling and clinical training for sport and exercise psychologists 3 Ethics and competence issues are receiving greater emphasis 4 Specialization and new subspecialties are developing 5 Tension continues to exist between practitioners of academic and applied sport psychology 6 Qualitative research methods are receiving more attention 7 Applied sport psychologists have more work opportunities than ever but only limited chances for full time positions 8 Sport psychology is gaining increased acceptance and recognition of its usefulness 9 The positive psychology movement in general psychology helps sport and exercise psychology expand into new areas such as business music and the performing arts Ethical Standards for Sport and Exercise Psychologist 1 Competence Maintain the highest standards in your work and recognize the limits of your expertise 2 Integrity Clarify roles and do not falsely expertise 3 Professional and scientific responsibility Always place the interests of clients first 4 Respect for people s rights and dignity Respect such fundamental rights as privacy and confidentiality among athletes or exercisers 5 Concern for the welfare of others Always contribute to the welfare of those with whom you work 6 Social responsibility Contribute to knowledge and human welfare while always protecting participants interests The Sport