Self Confidence 08 02 2010 Defining Self Confidence Self Confidence behavior o The belief that you can successfully perform a desired o Self confidence can be both dispositional and state like Dispositional self confidence like trait o The degree of certainty individuals usually have about their ability to succeed State self confidence o The belief of certainty that individuals have at a particular moment about their ability to succeed o Expecting something to happen actually helps cause it to Self fulfilling prophecy happen Negative self fulfilling prophecy o This is a psychological barrier whereby the expectation of failure leads to actual failure Aspects of Self Confidence in Sport Vealey and Knight 2001 o Confidence about one s ability to Execute physical skills Utilize psychological skills Employ perceptual skills e g Make good decisions Be fit and highly trained Improve one s skill learn Benefits of Self Confidence Arouses positive emotions Facilitates concentration Affects the setting and pursuit of challenging goals Affect game strategies play to win versus play to lose Affects psychological momentum Affects performance Increases effort Levels of Confidence Optimal confidence o This involves being so convinced that you will achieve your goals that you strive hard to do so Lack of confidence indecisiveness Overconfidence false confidence o Self doubts create anxiety break concentration and cause o Confidence out of proportion to actual ability causes you to prepare less than you need to in order to perform think completely better than you are or you underestimate your opponent Optimal Confidence Underconfidence and Overconfidence Another way to use the Inverted U Model The left of the Inverted U is underconfident o Performance may be low due to hesitation and anxiety The peak of the Inverted U is just right The right of the Inverted U is overconfident o Performance may be low due to underpreparation Self Confidence Model Factors influencing sport confidence demographic and personality characteristics organizational culture Sources of sport confidence achievement self regulation social climate Constructs of sport confidence confidence in decision making skills confidence in physical skills and training confidence in resiliency Consequences of sport confidence affect behavior cognition How Expectations Influence Performance Key o One s expectations play a critical role in the behavior change process positive expectations of success produce positive effects in many fields including sport Self expectations and performance o The expectation of beating a tough opponent or successfully performing a difficult skill can produce exceptional performance as psychological barriers are overcome Coaches expectations and performance o A teacher s or coach s expectations can alter a student s or athlete s feelings and performance Coaches Expectations and Athletes Performance Stage 1 o Coaches form expectations based on Personal cues e g Gender race body size Performance information e g Skill tests practice Problems occur when inaccurate expectations too high behaviors or too low are formed o Coaches expectations influence their behavior with regard to Stage 2 the Frequency and quality of coach athlete interactions Quantity and quality of instruction Type and frequency of feedback Stage 3 o Coaches behaviors affect athletes performance by causing low expectancy performers to perform more poorly because of less reinforcement less playing time less confidence and attributions to low ability Stage 4 o Athlete s performance confirms the expectancy Coaches Expectations and Behavior Recommendations o 1 Coaches should determine what sources of information they use to form preseason or early season expectations for each athlete o 2 Coaches should realize that their initial assessments of an athlete s competence may be inaccurate and thus need to be revised continuously as the season progresses o 3 During practices coaches need to keep a running count of the amount of time each athlete spends in non skill related activities e g Waiting in line o 4 Coaches should design instructional activities or drills that provide all athletes with an opportunity to improve their skills o 5 Coaches should generally respond to skill errors with corrective instructions about how to perform the skill correctly o 6 Coaches should emphasize skill improvement as a means of evaluating and reinforcing individual athletes rather than using absolute performance or levels of skill achievement o 7 Coaches should interact frequently with all athletes on their team to solicit information about athletes perceptions opinions and attitudes regarding team rules and organization o 8 Coaches should try to create a mastery oriented environment in team practices focused on improvement and team play Self Efficacy Theory Self efficacy o The perception of one s ability to perform a task successfully is a situation specific form of self confidence Bandura s Self Efficacy Theory Self efficacy provides a model to study the effects of self confidence on sport performance persistence and behavior Self efficacy is important when one has the requisite skills and Self efficacy affects an athlete s choice of activities level of effort Although self efficacy is task specific it generalizes to other similar sufficient motivation and persistence skills and situations People with high self efficacy set more challenging goals Sources of Self Efficacy Feltz Performance accomplishments Vicarious experiences modeling Verbal persuasion Efficacy Athletic Physiological states Emotional states Sources of Self Efficacy Imaginal experiences expectations Performance Performance accomplishments o Accomplishments are the most dependable source o Successful experiences raise the level of self efficacy while failure results in lowered efficacy Vicarious experiences modeling o Seeing others or modeling influences efficacy Verbal persuasion from oneself and others Imaginal experiences o Physiological states influence self efficacy when they are associated with aversive physiological arousal poor performance and perceived failure Emotional states or moods are a source of efficacy information The Reciprocal Relationship Between Efficacy and Behavior Change Self efficacy is a determinant of performance and exercise behavior Performance and exercise behavior determine one s self efficacy The Four Stage Modeling Process 1 Attention Careful attention must be given to the