BIO Study guide I CHAPTER 1 1 Be able to explain how development genetics evolution and ecology relate to the diversity of life structures individuals species etc a These things relate to the diversity of life because every organism is surrounded by and adapted to a different environment and habitat so they re naturally going to be different from each other and therefore contribute to diversity due to this b Also genetics contributes to the diversity of life because organisms may have the same gene but it is expressed differently resulting in different organisms with different anatomies 2 Be able to describe some of the fundamental properties of life IN THE TEXT a Hierarchal levels of organization largest smallest i Biosphere consists of all life on earth and all the places where life exists ie includes most areas of land water and atmosphere all of the ecosystems combined 1 AKA ii Ecosystems consists of all the living and nonliving things in a particular area 1 AKA all of the communities put together iii Communities groups of species together the entire array of organisms inhabiting a particular ecosystem a set of populations that inhabit a certain area ie a mix of a bunch of different populations mushrooms trees deer all together in the same ecosystem for example iv Populations all the individuals of a species living within the bounds of a specified area a bunch of the same organisms living together ie a bunch of trees a bunch of mushrooms etc v Organisms individual living things squirrels deer trees mushrooms etc vi Organs and organ systems 1 Organ a body part that carries out a particular role in the body they consist of multiple tissues ie the human heart the human hand a deer foot a leaf from a tree etc 2 Organ systems a team of organs working together in a larger function vii Tissues a group of cells that work together to perform a specialized function consists of bundles of cells viii Cells life s fundamental unit of structure and function some organisms are single celled and some are multicellular 1 Multicellular organisms have divisions of labor among specialized cells residing in the different specialized tissues ix Organelles the various functional components present in cells ie the chloroplast of the cell x Molecules a chemical structure consisting of two or more small chemical units called atoms ie chlorophyll b Interaction with environment i In an ecosystem each organism interacts continuously with its environment including both other organisms and physical factors 1 Ie the leaves of a tree absorb sunlight from the sun take in carbon dioxide from the air and release oxygen to the air ii The interactions btwn all organisms with their environment contribute to the distribution of nutrients throughout ecosystems 1 Energy from the sun makes life possible the use of energy by living organisms to carry out life s processes is a fundamental characteristic that they all share c Structure and function i Life s structure fits with its function 1 Ie a leaf s thin flat shape maximizes the amount of sunlight that can be captured by its chloroplasts ii Looking at the structure of something gives us clues about its function and vice versa d Cells i The cell is an organism s basic unit of structure and function 1 Every organisms action stems from the work of cells ii All cells share certain characteristics 1 They all have a membrane around them that regulates the passage of materials btwn the cell and its surroundings every cell uses DNA to distinguish btwn two main forms of cells prokaryotic and eukaryotic iii Two main types of cells 1 Prokaryotic a Bacteria and archaea b Generally smaller than eukaryotic cells c DNA is not separated from rest of cell lacks the membrane bound organelles of a eukaryotic cell 2 Eukaryotic a All other life forms other than bacteria and archaea b Subdivided by internal membranes into various membrane enclosed organelles largest organelle nucleus other organelles are located throughout the cytoplasm e Inheritance and DNA feedback mechanisms i INHERITANCE 1 Cell division mitosis is the foundation for all reproduction growth and repair for multicellular organisms 2 Chromosomes contain DNA the cell s genetic material which make up genes the units of inheritance that transmit info from parents to offspring a Genes DNA chromosomes 3 Genes contain info used to build other molecules in the cell especially proteins a Proteins establish a cell s identity responsible for carrying out cellular work and 4 DNA controls the development and maintenance of the entire organism chemical building blocks A T G C a Structure double helix containing four nucleotides i Specific sequential arrangements of these four letters make up the info stored in genes 5 DNA provides the layout for making proteins and proteins are the main players in building and maintaining the cell and its activities a DNA proteins cell 6 The DNA of genes controls protein production indirectly by using RNA a A nucleotide sequence in a gene is transcribed into RNA which is then translated into specific proteins with a unique shape and function GENE EXPRESSION i Nucleotide sequence DNA transcription RNA DNA translation specific proteins 1 Regulation of biological processes is crucial to the operation of a When more energy is required living systems the chemical pathway that produces the energy needed speeds up in response to this need convert surplus energy to molecules b When less energy is required a set of chemical reactions 2 Enzymes type of protein catalyze specific chemical reactions a Enzymes chemical reactions chemical pathways 3 the cell can regulate the demand for fuel via self regulation FEEDBACK a Negative feedback of a process slows that process accumulation excess of an end product ii FEEDBACK INHIBITIONS i When too much of an end product is being made it can go back and inhibit turn off an enzyme in its chemical pathway in order to slow down its own production b Positive feedback when an end product speeds up its own production in need for more of it i Ie blood clotting in response to injury when there s a high demand for platelets their production is sped up so that blood clotting can take place in order to heal a wound f Evolution i Evolution descendants of common ancestors the idea that the organisms on earth today are the modified ii Evolution is the reason for so many diversities and similarities in life and also for an organisms suitability for its environment 3 Begin to use the
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