UNIT 4 CONCEPTS HELPFUL PICTURES CHAPTER 52 Photic the upper shallow part of the ocean s surface where sunlight can penetrate it easily Aphotic the lower deep part of the ocean where sunlight doesn t penetrate at all very dark Benthic zone the region at the lowest level of a body of water like an ocean or lake including the sediment surface things living on the ocean floor Benthos the organisms that live within benthic zones Pelagic zone open water that s neither near the shore nor towards the bottom of the body of water things floating on the water CHAPTER 53 Clunked species distribution above pic individuals clustered all together in several clusters all spread out UNIT 4 CONCEPTS HELPFUL PICTURES it could be that a population showing a clunked distribution is only growing in certain areas therefore leaving open spaces in the spacing Over disbursed even distribution above pic when the amount of space between the individuals of a population is evenly distributed A reason for this could be territorial defense among the organisms when caring for their young i e the penguin example in the pic the young are at risk of being eaten by another adult penguin and so the parents have to sit on their eggs and be evenly distributed in order to keep others from eating their young Random distribution individuals are distributed randomly amongst themselves I e a population of flowers they have a random distribution since their pollen could land anywhere UNIT 4 CONCEPTS HELPFUL PICTURES SURVIVORSHIP CURVE above pic the rate at which organisms die within their population Y axis individuals left alive X axis time that has passed in years old There s three types of survivorship curves pic below 2 Type 2 curve the squirrel a population that is never safe from predators and a lot of them as 1 Type 1 curve the human individuals put a lot of effort into raising only a few offspring a lot of care for only a few a result die off a population with a relatively consistent death rate throughout life big death rate very early on in their life the ones that do survive live a very long time 3 Type 3 curve the oyster individuals within a population that have a lot of offspring and have a a oak trees that give off acorns most of the acorns will get crushed or eaten by I e squirrels but the ones that do survive live a long time Survivorship Curve X axis time in years old of an organism Y axis individuals alive logistic growth rate K carrying capacity individuals that the environment can support Density dependence something that increases decreases depending on the population size I e the lynx hare chart on next page UNIT 4 CONCEPTS HELPFUL PICTURES Red hare blue lynx X axis time Y axis individuals in population EXPONENTIAL GROWTH BELOW X axis time in 1000 year increments Y axis population size in billions EXPONENTIAL GROWTH GRAPH UNIT 4 CONCEPTS HELPFUL PICTURES GRAPH SHOWING HOW THE HUMAN POPULATION HAS SHIFTED X axis time Y axis measurement of how the population is growing It seems to have decreased due to the lower amount of children being born nowadays DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION SHOWS BIRTH AND DEATH RATES Light blue and light orange lines the birth rates Dark blue and dark red lines the death rates During the 19th 20th centuries people are dying more slowly due to modern medical advances which led to the lower death rate and they re having more children to help with labor which led to the high birth rate UNIT 4 CONCEPTS HELPFUL PICTURES AGE STRUCTURE BELOW helps to show the consequences of demographic transitions Far left Asia had a large of young people despite the one child policy that was passed Prediction that employment and education opportunities will continue to be a significant problem the large of young people coming into the population could also be a source of continuing social and political unrest Middle United States pretty stable despite the baby boom that occurred Far right Italy not too many people younger than reproductive age are present their population is predicted to decrease In Italy and US prediction that a decreasing portion of the younger working age people will have to support an increasing number of retired boomers in the US this has made Medicare and Social Security a major political issue Ways to measure a community CHAPTER 54 1 Diversity abundance of species pic below incorporates both number of species which is called Species Richness and the relative Which Community of trees is the most diverse next page UNIT 4 CONCEPTS HELPFUL PICTURES Correct answer Population 1 the far left picture because there s more variety and each species of tree seems to be represented fairly equally 2 Species interactions because of competitive exclusion no two a Competition species in the same place can have the same niche and so they subdivide and live in different parts of their niche can help classify communities has four main types pic below with the lizards i Competitive exclusion if animals are eating the same thing then they re reducing each other s K capacity and one of them will be more fit and better off for survival than the other one and will ultimately lead to wiping the less fit one out of the population both of them can t coexist since one species will always be better off than the other one DOES COMPETITION INFLUENCE THE DISTRIBUTION OF BARNACLES o YES There s the fundamental niche and realized niche places where a species can occur and live Fundamental niche Realized niche fundamental niche due to competition with the other species where the species actually ends up living and is smaller than its UNIT 4 CONCEPTS HELPFUL PICTURES fundamental niche but are separated into their realized niches these barnacles are living together in their b Predation when one species feeds on another species But there s other kinds of predation Example of predation first thing we would think of Herbivory is another type of predation UNIT 4 CONCEPTS HELPFUL PICTURES Parasitoids Parasites c Mutualism when both species benefit from the interaction next page Mutualism UNIT 4 CONCEPTS HELPFUL PICTURES d Commensalism when one species benefits gains and the other one isn t even affected benefit but the buffalos aren t affected Commensalism the buffalo kick up the ground and the birds FOOD CHAIN bad way of describing a community Levels of this chain producer consumer primary consumers secondary consumers etc UNIT 4 CONCEPTS HELPFUL PICTURES FOOD WEB the better way to describe a community The bigger words and
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