HFT 2716 Final Exam Chapter 4 Concept and Roots of Globalization Internationalization o Crossing borders o World more international o Cross border relations Liberalization o Removing trade barriers o NAFTA o EU Universalization Westernization Americanization of the world o Americanizing the economy o Food hotels etc Deterritorialization o Reconfiguring the territory o EU o Spreading ideas and concepts all over the world o Borders do not exist Benefits of globalization Increased spread of production Diffusion of ideas Technological improvements Growth and expansion Economy grows and expands bc of globalization Large flow of goods Increased economic activity Job creation Rise of global brands Increased understanding of the world Criticisms of globalization Decline in the power of national governments Polarization of the world in stronger economies o Northern hemisphere more power o Negative impact in local communities Imitation of western culture Expansion of middle class Tourism is one of the largest multinational economic activities Involves the greatest flow of goods services people in the world tourism Environmental degradation Globalization and the tourism industry Influence of globalization on tourism New opportunities Electronic technology Communication Transportation Sophisticated websites Forms and examples of globalization in tourism Formation of international alliances in the airline industry Hotel cooperation franchising Tour operators form partnerships New type of tourism Before tourists demanded mass produced items Today tourists are o More globally oriented o Depend on information technology o Desire for safety o Balance between career and family o Responsible green sustainable Values community culture ecology education family safety security Globalization and culture the emergence of globalized consumer culture High desire for material possessions High levels of consumption a symbol of a good life Global consumers and global products Consumers have become increasingly similar in their behavior Eat the same food wear the same brands watch the same TV programs Disappearance of local cultures o It is argued that global consumption patterns and global consumers do exist Consumption patterns may be globalized if everyone were to adopt others way of life Culture homogenization Globalization leads to cultural homogenization o Similar products consumed throughout the world McDonaldization Cocacolization Product standardization or customization o Consumer purchasing patterns become similar Emergence of global consumers U S ultimate example of homogenous country Cultural heterogenization Increasing emphasis on local cultural elements o Language o Education o Religion o Tradition o Art Cultural convergence or divergence Two theories o Globalization is making the planet smaller and cultures are converging o The flow of goods assets and knowledge are directed toward main centers of capital Cultural hybridization Incorporation of cultural elements from a variety of sources within particular cultural practices o Scandinavians o Tex Mex Allows of the combination of two identities Cultural commoditization Culture transformed into a new form in order to sell IT Cultural artifacts Cultural deterioration loss adaptation or change Increasing contact between peoples Communities change their local values and traditions Authentic elements disappear Is consumerism a bad thing for tourism Does not necessarily have to destroy culture Creates high demand for cultural preservation Globalization and disappearance of local identity Globalization can destroy socio cultural identity Farms and fishing villages converted into tourism resorts Resistance to cultural change and emergence of local identity Local resistance to globalization is in progress in Europe European countries have not lost their identities Cultural hostility Cultural arrogance experience A form of cultural rejection or denial often associate with anger and aggression o They refuse to accept others view of the world Host populations stage cultural experiences to compensate tourists for the lack of real o They refuse to accept other s views of the world Backstage areas is where locals continue their traditions Authenticity of tourism experiences Pseudo artifacts that are produced and commoditized Tourists are often willing to perceive products as being authentic Inauthentic products are created Renaissance of traditional art forms Rejuvenation of arts and crafts Revival of original traditions Marketing of culture and violation of rights to own cultural heritage Traditional culture treated as a commodity Locals lose their rights Culture is turned into paid performance Culture change Occurs as a result of o Evolutionary changes within society o The way people live o Contact between societies Culture diffusion remember the 5 areas Spread of cultural elements such as 1 Ideas 2 Styles how we dress 3 Food Mexico impacted by American economy shows a lot of change 4 Religion transferred all over the world 5 Technologies Cultural borrowing Occurs when two cultures come into contact and borrow each other s traditions customs and values Cultural drift A temporary and random cultural change 1 Language Behavior may change temporarily for the duration of the tourists visit or brought about through education and technology Occurs when individuals from different cultures come into contact Individuals may maintain their culture of origin while gaining characteristics of Acculturation others Cultural adaptation Adaptation of elements of other cultures To meet tourist needs locals change their behavior and attitude Cultural adjustment Four different stages tourists go through 1 Honeymoon stage You love where you are 2 Hostility stage The I can t wait till I get home phase You begin to question the place where you are Why do they do You know there s no way out so you integrate yourself into the 3 Integration culture 4 Home stage Now you like where you are again and you don t want to go home Cultural assimilation Replacement of one set of cultural traits by another 1 How they dress eat etc Learning of what is contained in a culture Learning the accepted norms and values and also the language Enculturation Demonstration effect The effect on behavior of individuals caused by observations of the actions of others Local residents adopt the styles and manners of tourists Cultural conflict Created by cultural contacts Conflicts arise because people are from
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