BIOL 111 1st Edition Lecture 4 Outline of Last Lecture I Macromolecules continued II Protiens III Level of protein structure IV Nucleic acids V Introduction to Chapter 6 Outline of Current Lecture I Cell Types II Organization of Eukaryotic cells III Endosymbiosis theory Current Lecture Cell Types o Prokaryotic cells bacteria and archaea No membrane bound cells parts the cell itself is membrane bound but just around the very outside of the cell o Eukaryotic cells true nucleus Specialized or unique features in Plants chloroplasts cell walls that have cellulose in them vacuoles Fungi cells walls do not have cellulose but have chitin a type of carbohydrate Animals lysosome centrioles centrosomes flagella Organization of Eukaryotic Cells o Extracellular matrix o Plasma membrane separates the outside of the cell from the inside of the cell Made up of a phospholipid bilayer and proteins Phosphate groups are on the outside of the cell which are hydrophilic o Cell junctions o o o o o o Intermediate filaments hold the cell together and allows the inside of the cell to interact with the outside of the cell Gap junctions allow adjacent cells in animal tissues to communicate with one another Tight junctions epithelial cells cells that are bound tightly together prevent fluid from moving from the inside of you intestine to the tissue of your intestine Microtubules Composition polymers of tubulin Largest of 3 structures hollow tubes Ex Centrioles cilia and flagella Important in muscle movement and muscle contraction Micro filaments Composition polymers of actin Smallest of 3 solid roots Ex Muscle fibers cleavage furrow Intermediate filament Composition composed of keratins Filaments of coiled fibers Ex Nuclear lamina Motor protiens Work with cytoskeletal elements Allow cells to move Ex Dynein myosin Mitochondria Site of cellular respiration ATP production Have separate genetic material and ribosomes Nucleus Stores genetic information like mitochondria and chloroplasts but nucleus stores linear DNA on chromosomes made of chromatin Produces ribosomes in nucleolus The dark spot in the nucleus o Ribosomes Make protiens and there are two types free and bound o Endomembrane system Regulates protein and lipid processing Performs metabolic functions Smooth endoplasmic reticulum Functions synthesize lipids detoxification and breaks down carbohydrates Rough ER Functions synthesize and modify protiens constructs cell membrane Golgi apparatus Functions modifies protiens and produces poly saccharides Lysosome Functions function as the digestive system of the cell serving both to degrade material taken up from outside the cell and to digest obsolete components of the cell itself o Peroxisomes Enzymes produce hydrogen peroxide Break down fatty acids Detoxify by transferring hydrogen form poisons to oxygen o Cytosol fluid substance around organelles o Cytoplasm region between nucleus and plasma membrane or cytosol plus organelles except nucleus o Central Vacuole Stores various compounds Important for growth o Chloroplast Site of photosynthesis Contain own DNA and ribosomes Endosymbiosis theory o Mitochondria and chloroplasts were once prokaryotes that began living in larger cells o Evidence Single circular DNA Double membrane Ribosomes Reproduce by fission
View Full Document
Unlocking...