BIOL 111 1st Edition Lecture 3 Outline of Last Lecture I Hydrocarbon II Isomers vs Isotopes III Macromolecules IV Carbohydrates Outline of Current Lecture I Macromolecules continued II Protiens III Level of protein structure IV Nucleic acids V Introduction to Chapter 6 Current Lecture o Steroids 4 carbon rings fused together ex Cholesterol Since it is mostly hydrogen and carbon they re hydrophobic Protiens o Diverse enzymes transport receptors antibodies and more see Table 5 1 o Monomer amino acid What is an amino acid It is called an amino acid because of two important functional groups the amino group nitrogen attached to two hydrogen s and the carboxyl group carbon double bonded to oxygen and bonded to a hydroxide o 20 amino acids KNOW which amino acids are polar non polar basic or acidic Polar because they have NOPS because they are more electronegative o KNOW four levels of protein structure o Polymers of amino acids AKA peptides Linked via peptide bonds o Formed by DEHYDRATION synthesis The backbone of the chain is the NCCN and the other part of the backbone is the R group Levels of protein structure o Primary aa sequence 5 10 amino acids long to thousands of thousands of amino acids long o Secondary interactions between backbone atoms o Tertiary interactions that happen between the R groups or the side chain atoms There are many types of interaction between chain atoms o Quaternary interactions between more than one peptide o Denaturation disrupting protein structure Heat disrupts H bonds PH disrupts ionic bonds Chemicals disrupts ionic S S covalent disulfide bonds H bonds Organic solvent non polar turns inside out Nucleic acids o Function instructions for building and reproduction DNA and RNA which are very important because they tell all of the cells how to make their protiens o Monomers nucleotide Phosphate group Nitrogenous base has nitrogen carbon and some other types of atoms in it Pentose sugar ribose or deoxyribose DNA AGTC without oxygen in the ribose RNA AGUC with oxygen in the ribose o Polynucleotide polymer of the nucleotides o Linked via phosphodiester bonds o Formed by DEHYDRATION synthesis o Directional sequence 5 3 RNA single strand always a single strand even though it may fold on itself and give the illusion of a 3D strand DNA double strands antiparallel CHAPTER 6 A tour of the cell o Research tools Microscopes appendix D Light microscope Electron microscope Cell fractionation taking cells and breaking them into different pieces Can use chemicals sound waves or blenders to break up the cells Use a centrifuge to separate out components Microscopes o Light microscopes use light to shine on through the specimen Can magnify from 1000 2000X o Electron microscope can magnify much more and can be used to see viruses and bacteria o Two different types of cells Prokaryotes bacteria and archaea single cell organisms found in very extreme environments Pro before karyote nucleus Components DNA do not have ANY membrane bound components Eukaryotes
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