BIOL 111 1st Edition Lecture 2 Outline of Last Lecture II Scientific Inquiry III Water IV Carbon Compounds Outline of Current Lecture I Hydrocarbon II Isomers vs Isotopes III Macromolecules IV Carbohydrates Current Lecture Hydrocarbon anything that contains hydrogen and carbon can only be hydrocarbon o Gasoline and oil are examples of hydrocarbons as they are combustible have all covalent bonds and are hydrophobic o Isomers compounds with the same of atoms but different arrangements thus different properties isotopes have the same number of protons Isomers vs isotopes o Isomers same of atoms different arrangements o Isotopes same of protons different of neutrons Functional groups Name Structure Properties Hydroxyl Polar because the oxygen is electronegative Hydrogen bonded to an oxygen Carbonyl Polar in sugars Carbon double bonded to an oxygen Carboxyl Carbon double bonded to an oxygen and bonded to a hydroxyl group Polar acidic in amino acids fatty acids Acid due to a carboxyl group attached to the molecule Amino Can form to an additional bond with hydrogen and will decrease the amount of free hydrogen s in the solution making them always basic Sulfhydryl Found in a few amino acids important to protein structure Phosphate Very polar lots of negatively charged atoms in nucleic acids ATP and phospholipids Methyl Addition to DNA or other molecules affects function of that molecule Made up of a carbon and 3 hydrogens MACROMOLECULES Review make flashcards of these for test o Molecule vs compound Molecule two or more atoms held together by a chemical bond Compound two or more different elements held together by chemical bonds has different propertied from elements alone o Electron shells valence electrons o Isotope isomer o Covalent ionic hydrogen bonds o Define acid base o Functional groups Introduction to macromolecules o Vital to living organisms nucleic acids protiens carbohydrates lipids Everything except for lipids have monomers Will need to know the monomers for each group and how covalent bonds link monomers together to make polymers Molecule Function s Carbohydrates Store energy can also be structural elements in a cell Lipids Store energy structural hormones signaling Protiens Widely varied table 5 1 Nucleic acids Instructions for building and reporduction Functional groups play key roles o Formed via covalent bonds linking monomers to form polymers Making and breaking down polymers o Dehydration removes a water molecule forming a new bond dehydration reaction in the synthesis of a polymer Monomers polymer o Hydrolysis adds a water molecule breaking a bond hydrolysis of a polymer Polymer monomers Carbohydrates o Monosaccharides a monomer General formula CH2O n Linear and ring forms Note numbered carbons Examples glucose example down below fructose ribose o Disaccharides 2 monosaccharides linked via glycosidic linkage Examples Maltose glucose glucose beer Sucrose glucose fructose table sugar Lactose glucose galactose milk o Polysaccharides polymers of monosaccharides Storage Starch plant storage ex Amylose amylopectin Glycogen animal storage Structural Cell walls ex Cellulose Exoskeletons ex Chitin Lipids all are hydrophobic o Fats Glycerol 3 fatty acids Linked via ester linkage Formed by DEHYDRATION synthesis Ex Saturated and unsaturated fats If there is one or more double bonds or a carbon without all of its openings filled with hydrogen causes an unsaturated fat kink in the chain makes it liquid Fatty acids due to having carboxyl in the linkage An aside Ester compound acid alcohol General formula RCOOR Often fragrant or flavorful citrate banana oil o Phospholipids 3 components phosphate group glycerol 2 fatty acids 2 layers form cell membranes
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