Final exam review 1 Ch 2 a Know your bonds i 3 bonds1 Covalent sharing a pair of electrons a Polar unequal sharing b Non polar equal sharing No partial charges 2 Ionic gain or loss of electron 3 Hydrogen form between water molecules BUT water molecules are held together by covalent bonds 2 Ch 3 a Know properties of water i Cohesive behavior Collectively hydrogen bonds hold water molecules together 1 Surface tension a measure of how hard it is to break the surface of a liquid 2 Adhesion an attraction betweeen different substances ii Ability to moderate temperature iii Expansion upon freezing iv Versatility as a solvent b Determining molecular mass know your units c Lower the pH the more hydrogen protons it has i For every increment X10 pH 1 is 10 times more acidic than pH 2 3 Ch 5 a Know dehydration synthesis is what makes polymers hydrolysis breaks them down b How to identify sugar know table from ch 5 c There will be quite a few questions from this chapter 4 Ch 6 a Know diff between prokaryotes and eurkaryotes i Two types of cells 1 Prokaryotic Archea bacteria a No nucleus b DNA in nucleoid c No membrane bound organelles d Cytoplasm bound by the plasma membrane e NO ER 2 Eukaryotic Eukarya a Generally much larger and more complex b DNA in nucleus bounded by the nuclear envelope c Membrane bound organelles i Organelles perform specific functions within the cell and are BOUND by a membrane ii Each has its own environment function and composition 3 Common to botha Plasma membrane semifluid substance called cytosol chromosomes ribosomes 4 Difference between Prokaryotes and Eukaryotic cellsa True nucleus and membrane bound organelles 5 Ch 7 a Because bilayer they are asymmetrical so what s on top does not equal what s on bottom b Tonicity hypotonic hypertonic isotonic i Know how to do it with numbers WATER GOES TOWARDS SUGAR c Many questions on this chapter 6 Ch 8 a Know catabolism vs anabolism i Metabolism Catabolism Anabolism 1 Anabolic pathways consume energy to build complex molecules from simpler ones a Requires energy b Ex Synthesis of proteins from amino acids 2 Catabolic pathways release energy by breaking down complex molecules into simpler compounds a Bonds break and form which releases energy and forms lowerenergy breakdown products b Ex Breaking down starch into glucose molecules b Features of delta G positive or negative 1 G Gfinal Ginitial 2 Spontaneous or Exergonic Energetically favorable aka wants to happen a G 0 or negative free energy change G b No input of energy c Not necessarily fast d Release energy 3 Not spontaneous or Endergonic energetically unfavorable a G 0 or positive free energy change G b Requires addition of free energy c Needs energy c Know enzymes speeds up reaction by decreasing reaction energy needed d Enzyme features i Active site location where reaction takes place ii Substrate reactants that bind to active site for the reaction to occur iii Enzyme substrate complex formed when enzyme and substrate bind 1 Induced fit binding initiates the enzyme to change shape slightly so the substrate does not fall out before reaction is complete e Allosteric is non competitive 1 Competitive Inhibitiona Molecule binds to active site b Inhibits ability of substrate to bind 2 Noncompetitive inhibition binds to allosteric site and warps the active site so the substrate cannot pair with enzyme a Allosteric Inhibition inhibitor binds to allosteric site not active site i Allosteric regulation of enzymes may either inhibit or stimulate an enzyme activity 1 Occurs when a regulatory molecule binds to a protein at one site and affects the protein s function at another site 2 Many enzymes have active and inactive forms a The binding of an activator stabilizes the active form of the enzyme b The binding of an inhibitor stabilizes the inactive form of the enzyme 7 Ch 9 a Where does glycolysis happen 1 Glycolysis sugar splitting breaks down glucose into 2 molecules of pyruvate a Occurs in cytoplasm b Two major phasesi Energy investment phase ii Energy payoff phase c Occurs whether or not O2 is present d Net yield 2ATP 2NADH b Purpose of fermentation get energy from glycolysis regenerates NAD know features of steps 1 Fermentation a type of anaerobic respiration is a partial degradation of sugars that occurs without O2 and uses substrate level phosphorylation instead of an electron transport chain to generate ATP a Types of Fermentationi Fermentation consists of glycolysis plus reactions that regenerate NAD which can be reused by glycolysis ii Two common types are alcohol fermentation and lactic acid fermentation 1 Alcohol fermentation pyruvate is converted to ethanol in two steps 2 Lactic Acid Fermentation pyruvate is reduced by NADH forming lactate as an end product with no release of CO2 c Know goals of each process cycle i Aerobic respiration yields ATP ii Anaerobic respiration produce ATP iii Glycolysis 2 ATP H20 8 Ch 10 Photosynthesis a Features of Calvin cycle vs light reactions i Two stages of photosynthesis 1 Light reactions the photo part a Occurs in the thylakoid membrane b Split H2O Release O2 c Reduce the electron acceptor NADP to NADPH d Generate ATP from ADP by photophosphorylation 2 Calvin cycle the synthesis part a In the stroma b Forms sugar from CO2 using ATP and NADPH c Begins with carbon fixation incorporating CO2 into organic molecules d Requires both NADPH and ATP ii Water is source of electrons iii Direct end product iv Where does it occur 9 Ch 12 Mitosis a Understand cell cycle is the life of a cell b Cytokinesis cleavage in animals and in plants they form a cell plate 10 Ch 13 Meiosis a Look at ven diagram comparing mitosis and meiosis 11 Ch 14 Gene Theory a Knowing genotype vs phenotype b Possible gamates c HAS LARGE PRESENCE ON FINAL 12 Ch 16 DNA Replication a Know key enzymes a Key players i Proteins ase enzyme 1 Helicase separates parental strands of DNA 2 Single stranded binding protein binds to single strand to keep parent strands separate 3 Toposisomerase Relieves supercoiling preventing the DS helix from getting too winded up 4 Primase Lays down an RNA primer 5 a Leading strand i Goes into the fork ii Continuous iii Requires only one primer iv Order of enzyme work v Primase vi Dpol III vii DPol I viii Ligase b Lagging strand i Goes away from the fork ii Discontinuous iii Requires many primers iv Okizawkie fragments v Order of enzyme work vi Primase Waiting game these vii DPol III repeat viii DPol I ix Ligase ii DNA polymerase III Dpol III
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