Study Guide Chapter 2 Answer each question in complete sentences and be as thorough as possible You may use drawings tables or other forms of expressing your answer Feel free to be creative 1 What is an essential element a Elements that an organism needs to live a healthy life and reproduce 2 What are the essential elements a Oxygen hydrogen carbon nitrogen make up 96 of living matter 3 Name and describe the various subatomic particles Indicate their charge size location within an atom and what each subatomic particle tells us about the atom a Protons are positively charged 1 amu part of the nucleus b Neutrons are electrically neutral 1 amu part of the nucleus c Electrons are negatively charged 1 2000 amu make up the cloud Subatomic charge size Purpose particle proton positive 1 amu identity Neutron Neutral 1 amu Isotopes atomic mass electron negative 1 2000 amu Chemical behavior d 4 Describe the structure of an atom a b c Valence shell i 5 Determine the atomic number atomic mass and number of neutrons for Sodium Na a 6 How do isotopes of an element differ from one another a Isotopes are atoms of the same element that have different atomic masses b Different number of neutrons c Cannot change number of protons without changing elements 7 How do you determine how many electron shells an atom has How many electron shells does Ca have 8 Why are valence electrons so important How many valence electrons does Carbon C have 9 Draw an electron distribution diagram for a Potassium K 10 What is the difference between a molecule and a compound 11 Describe the three major types of bonds discussed in this chapter covalent ionic and hydrogen a Covalent bond sharing a pair of electrons i Ex ii Polar unequal sharing of electrons 1 Partial charges Gamma symbol 2 Ex H2O 3 Electro negative atoms aka highly greedy are Nitrogen and Oxygen Anytime you see O or N most likely polar molecule iii Non polar equal sharing of electrons 1 No partial charges 2 Ex O2 the two oxygens cancel out b Ionic bond gain or loss of electron full charges i Ex NaCl Na donates an electron to Cl c Hydrogen bond form between water molecules BUT water molecules are held together by covalent bonds i Very weak individually ii Hydrogen will be attracted to O of another water molecule and will therefore form a hydrogen bond Oxygen is bigger and will be able to form hydrogen bonds with TWO water molecules look at example below iii 12 What are the two types of covalent bonds Sketch an example of each type of covalent bond and explain why these types of covalent bonds are important 13 What are reactants and products when talking about chemical reactions
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