Psych 100 1st EditionFinal Exam Study GuideTuesday May 12th 12:30-2:30 p.m. Same Lecture Hall Lecture 21, 22 Chapter 12 (April 22nd and 27th)What does Freud** believe in? What is he associated with?- Psychoanalytic Perspective, Psychosexual Stages, The Unconscious, Free Association, Dream Analysis, The Model of the Mind, Super-ego, Ego, ID, Personality Structure and Development, Electra/Oedipus Complex, Identification, and Defense Mechanisms What is Free Association?- Free association is a technique used to unbury the unconscious by analyzing what ever first comes to mind What is Dream analysis?- Dream analysis is another method used to analyze the unconscious mind through interpreting manifest (what the dream was) and latent (the meaning/symbol) contents of dreams What is Psychoanalysis*- Psychoanalysis is Freud’s belief that behavior/actions have an underlying meaning to your unconsciousWhat is the Model of the mind? (id, ego, superego)- The mind is like an iceberg- It is mostly hidden, and below the surface lies the unconscious mind- The preconscious stores temporary memories - Freud’s idea of the Id, Ego, and Superego What does the id do?- Unconsciously strives to satisfy basic sexual and aggressive drives- Operating on the pleasure principle- Demanding immediate gratification What does the Ego do?- Functions as the “executive” and mediates the demands of the id and the superego - Tries to interpret reality What does the Superego do?- Provides standards for judgment (the conscience) and for future aspirations How is personality structured?- Personality develops as a result of our efforts to resolve conflicts between our biological impulses(id) and social restraints (superego) What are the Psychosexual Stages? (CHART in book)- Oral (0-18 months old)o Oral regressive: eating disorders, nail biting, passive person, needy, problems with drinking, sensitive to rejection o Oral aggressive: hostile, verbally aggressive - Anal (18-36 months old)o Anal retentive: perfectionist, order, tidiness, stubborn, over-baring, controllingo Anal expulsive: lack of self-control, generally messy, careless- Phallic (3-6 years old)o Where the superego is developed- Latency (6-puberty)o Sexual feeling have gone dormant- Genital (puberty-on)o Maturation of sexual interests What is the Oedipus/Electra complex?- Oedipus complex: A boy’s natural desire for his mother, and feelings of jealousy and hatred for the rival father (known as identification)- Electra complex: A girl’s desire for her father What is Identification?- Repressing threating feelings - Identifying with the rival parent Skip defense mechanisms**Who/what are the Neo-Freudians? What did they think?- The Neo-Freudians attempted to update and modify Freud’s original theories - Alfred Adler: focused on the unconscious mind - Karen Horney: believed in the social aspects of childhood growth and development- Carl Jung: believed in the collective unconscious Skip inkblot tests and thematic test**Evaluating the psychoanalytic perspective:- Personality develops throughout life and is not fixed in childhood- Freud underemphasized peer influence on the individual, which may be as powerful as parental influence- Gender identity may develop before 5-6 years of age- There may be other reasons for dreams besides wish fulfillment- Verbal slips can be explained on the basis of cognitive processing of verbal choices- Suppressed sexual leads to psychological disorders. Sexual inhibition has decreased, but psychological disorders have not o Freud’s psychoanalytic theory rests on the repression of painful experiences into the unconscious mindo The majority of children, death camp survivors, and battle-scarred veterans are unable to repress painful experiences into their unconscious mind What is the Humanistic perspective and who are the theorists behind it?- Abraham Maslow created the idea of the self-actualizing person- Carl Rogers created the idea of the person-centered perspective (people are basically good)- The humanistic perspective is about assessing the self- Believes in maximum human potential and achievement What is a self-actualizing person?- Beginning with physiological needs, we try to reach the state of self-actualization—fulfilling our potential What are all the Hierarchy of needs (self-actualization)- Self-actualization: morality, creativity, problem-solving, lack of prejudice, acceptance of facts - Esteem: self-esteem, confidence, achievement, respect - Love/belonging: friendship, family, sexual intimacy- Safety: security of body, of employment, of resources, morality, health, property- Physiological: breathing, food, water, sex, sleepWhat are the criticisms of the humanistic perspective?- Concepts in humanistic psychology are vague and subjective and lack scientific basis- The individualism encouraged can lead to self-indulgence, selfishness, and an erosion of moral restraints- Humanistic psychology fails to appreciate the reality of our human capacity for evil. It lacks adequate balance between realistic optimism and despair What are traits?- An individuals unique constellation of durable dispositions and consistent ways of behaving making up personality What are the big five traits? (OCEAN)- Openness: imaginative, preference for variety, independent o Opposite: practical, traditional, and conforming - Conscientiousness: organized, careful, disciplinedo Opposite: unreliable, somewhat lazy, undependable- Extroversion: warmth, sociable, fun-loving, affectionate o Opposite: introversion—coolness, reserved, passivity, cautious - Agreeableness: trust, straightforwardness, compliance, modesty, helpfulo Opposite: cynical, uncooperative, rude- Neuroticism: anxious, insecure, hostile, depression, self-consciousness, self-pityingo Opposite: emotional stability, calm, self-satisfied How stable are these traits?- Quite stable in adulthood however they change over developmentHow heritable are they?- 50% or so for each trait How about other cultures?- These traits are common across culturesDoes behavior change depending on where we are and who we are with? (Trait vs. state)- Traits are relatively permanent- The state temporarily changes based on where we are and who we are with What is the social-cognitive perspective? Who is associated with this?- The perspective that personality is the result of an interaction that takes place between a person and their social context - The best predictor of future behavior is past behavior