Psych 100 1st EditionExam # 3 Study Guide Lectures: 16, 18, 19Lecture 16 Chapter 11 (April 1st)Childhood- During these stages growth occurs physically, cognitively, and socially- Brain development forms based on genetics What are the stages of brain development?- Womb: nerve cells form at the rate of one-quarter million/minute- After birth: neural networks (for remembering, walking, etc.) have growth spurt- After puberty: pruning process- Maturation: biological growth processes that enable orderly changes in behaviorWhat are the common Infant Reflexes?- Rooting: stroking a baby’s cheek results in the baby turning toward the touch and openingthe mouth (this helps the baby nurse)- Stepping: placing the baby’s feet on a flat surface initiates stepping (possible precursor to walking)What is motor development?- Working from the center and then out, and developing strength to move to the next stage- First, infants begin to roll over. Next, they sit unsupported, crawl, and finally walkWhat is cognition?- All the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating Who is associated with cognition and what did he/she do?- Jean Piaget- Created children’s IQ tests- Stages: schemas, assimilation, accommodation What are schemas?- Concepts or mental molds into which we pour our experiences - Ex: It has wings, it has feathers, it can flyWhat is assimilation?- Interpreting our new experiences in terms of our existing schemas- Fits into schemas, no changes requiredWhat is accommodation?- Adapting or current schemas to incorporate new information - Change- Ex: Seeing a different type of bird that cannot fly, so something has to change with the schema (most birds can fly, but some with feathers and wings may not be able to)What are Piaget’s theories/stages?- Sensorimotor stage, preoperational stage, concrete operational stage, formal operational stageWhat is the sensorimotor stage?- Birth to 2 years- The infant is experiencing all senses- Develops object permanence (out of sight out of mind)What is the preoperational stage?- 2 to 6/7 years- Words and images- Not using logical reasoning- Language developmentWhat is the concrete operational stage?- 7 to 11 years- Finally can think logicallyWhat is the formal operational stage?- 12 to adulthood - Abstract reasoning What is egocentrism?- The focus on a child not being able to take on another persons point of view - Concluded preschool children are egocentric What is the theory of the mind?- Preschoolers develop the ability to understand another’s mental state when they begin forming a theory of mindWhat is social development? - The age at which infants form schemas for familiar faces and cannot assimilate a new faceWhat is attachment?What are the four parenting styles?- Authoritative, authoritarian, permissive, uninvolvedWhat is authoritative parenting?- High parental involvement and high parental controlWhat is authoritarian parenting?- Low parental involvement and high parental controlWhat is permissive parenting?- High parental involvement and low parental controlWhat is uninvolved parenting?- Low parental involvement and low parental controlAdolescence (brain development):- The prefrontal cortex (frontal lobe), which controls decision making, doesn’t fully develop until you’re in your 20’s What is the cognitive development process for adolescence?- Developing abstract abilities for what if questions, challenging what is being learned, truthand justice- Still goes back to egocentrism (self-focused, hypersensitive to society)*What are the three basic levels of moral thinking? - Preconventional morality: children show morality to avoid punishment or gain reward - Conventional morality: social rules and laws are upheld for their own sake - Postconventional morality: affirms people’s agreed-upon rights or follows personally perceived ethical principles What type of development did Erikson study?- Psychosocial development (developing through facing/meeting a challenge)What are Erikson’s stages of psychosocial development? (Look at chart in book for social development)***- Infancy- Toddlerhood- Preschooler- Elementary school- Adolescence - Middle adulthood- Late adulthood- Old age What declines during old age and what does not?- Senses: After age 70, hearing, distance perception, and the sense of smell diminish, as do muscle strength, reaction time, and stamina- After age 80, neural processes slow down, especially for complex tasks- Memory: As we age we remember some things well (past events and events that happened a decade or two back)- Recalling names becomes increasingly difficult- Recognition memory does not decline with age, and material that is meaningful is recalled better than meaningless material- Intelligence: fluid intelligence (ability to reason speedily) declines with age, but crystalline intelligence (accumulated knowledge and skills) does not- We gain vocabulary and knowledge, but lose recall memory and process more slowly- Cognitive abilities decline with age Lecture 18 Chapter 16 (April 8th) What is stress?- How we perceive and respond to events that we think are threatening or challengingWhat are stressors?- What causes you stress What is Appraisal and is it important?- Yes. The way we view things changes our responses:- Threat (you don’t think you have the resources)- Challenge (you think you have the resources)- Stress can be both negative and beneficial What is the General Adaptation Syndrome? - Associated with Selye- A stress response to any kind of stimulation is similar in three phasesWhat are the three stages for the General Adaptation Syndrome?- Flight-or-flight activated, preparing your body to deal with a stressor- Body tries to cope in short-term exhaustion, but is not a problem- Exhaustion phase may occur if body cannot cope and stress is prolonged, then cortisol is released and may be severe enough for death What are the three stressful life events?- Catastrophes: Uncontrollable disasters that can be traumatic- Significant life changes: new job, new home, etc.- Daily hassles: stress that is apart of daily life How do they impact each other?- Catastrophes may effect marriages, families, status, etc. and may affect both physical and mental health - Significant life changes are easily adjustable, and are different from someone passing away- Daily hassles are normally short-term, but may lead to long-term hassles after build up (may add to