Psych 100 1st Edition Lecture 24Outline of Last Lecture I. Contemporary research on personalitya. The trait perspectivei. Personality: An individual’s unique constellation of durable dispositions and consistent ways of behaving (traits)1. Honest2. Dependable3. Moody4. Impulsiveb. The social-cognitive perspectivec. Exploring the selfII. Exploring traitsIII. Minnesota multiphasic personality inventoryIV. The big five factors (view chart)a. Conscientiousnessb. Agreeablenessc. Neuroticismd. Opennesse. ExtraversionV. The person-situation controversya. Trait: relatively permanent personality characteristicb. State: temporary change in one’s personalityVI. Social-cognitive perspectivea. Reciprocal determinism (Albert Bandura)VII. Personal controli. External locus of control ii. Internal locus of control b. Learned helplessness: the passive resignation an organism learns when unable toavoid repeated aversive eventsVIII. Evaluating social-cognitive perspectivea. Strengthsb. WeaknessIX. Exploring the selfa. Self: the organizer of our thoughts, feelings and actionsChapter 14 Psychological DisordersThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.I. Perspectives on psychological disordersa. William James (1842-1910)II. Defining psychological disordersIII. Deviant, distressful, and dysfunctionalIV. Understanding psychological disordersa. Trephination: drilling holes in skull to remove evil forcesb. Exorcismc. Caged like animalsd. Beatene. Burnedf. Castratedg. MutilatedV. The medical modela. Philippe Pinel (1745-1826)i. Etiology (cause and development of disorder)ii. Diagnosisiii. Treatmentiv. Prognosis (providing some type of future)VI. Classifying psychological disordersVII. The Diagnostic and statistical manualVIII. Goals of DSMIX. Experiencing psychology: Understanding normal and abnormal behaviorX. Labeling psychological disordersa. Treat people who have disorders and have committed crimesXI. Anxiety disordersa. Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD)b. Panic disorderc. Phobiasd. Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) e. Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)f. Explaining anxiety disordersXII. Generalized anxiety disordera. SymptomsXIII. Panic disordera. SymptomsXIV. Phobiasa. Types:i. Agoraphobiaii. Acrophobiaiii. Claustrophobiaiv. HomophobiaXV. OCD (chart)XVI. Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)i. Haunting memoriesii. Constantly on guardiii. Nightmaresiv. Social withdrawalv. Jumpy vi. Sleep problems XVII. Resilience to PTSDXVIII. Explaining anxiety disordersXIX. The learning perspectiveXX. The biological perspectiveOutline of Current Lecture Ch.15 Psychological TherapiesI. Psychoanalysisa. Developed by Freudi. Free associationii. Id, ego, super egoII. Psychoanalysis Methodsa. Free associationb. Transferencec. ProblemsIII. Psychodynamic Therapya. Interpersonal psychotherapyi. Definition:is a variation of psychodynamic therapy to help with depressionIV. Humanistic Therapyi. Genuineii. Acceptanceiii. Empathyb. Active listeningc. Client centered therapy (Carl Rogers)V. Behavior Therapya. Counter-conditioningi. Definition: A procedure that conditions new responses to stimuli that trigger unwanted behaviorsb. Exposure therapyi. Systematic desensitization c. Aversive conditioning d. Behavior modification (operant conditioning)e. Token economy (operant conditioning)f. Flooding VI. Cognitive therapy a. Beck’s therapy for depressionb. Cognitive-behavior therapyVII. Group and Family therapyVIII. Psychotherapy Effective?IX. Clients Perceptionsa. Clients perspectivei. Skepticsb. Clinicians perspectivei. CautionsX. Outcome ResearchXI. Effectiveness of Therapiesi. Depressionii. Anxietyiii. Bulimiaiv. Phobiav. Bed wetting XII. Evaluating Alternative TherapiesXIII. Commonalities among psychotherapiesXIV. Culture and Values in PsychotherapyXV. Biomedical TherapyXVI. Drug therapiesa. Biomedical therapyb. PsychopharmacologyXVII. Testing a new drugXVIII. Anti-psychotic drugsa. Classic antipsychotics:b. Atypical antipsychoticsc. Schizophrenic patientd. How it workse. Side effectsXIX. Anti-anxiety drugsXX. AntidepressantsXXI. Mood stabilizing drugsa. LithiumXXII. Brain stimulationa. Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)XXIII. Alternatives to ECTa. Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) b. Psychosurgeryi. LobotomyXXIV. Treating Society?Current LectureChapter 15 Psychological TherapiesXXV. Psychoanalysisa. One of the first types of therapiesb. Developed by Freudi. Today they are more influenced by Freud than practicing exactly what he did ii. Childhood problems and conflictsiii. Unconscious problems in women 1. You become healthier once things reach the surfaceiv. Free associationv. Id, ego, super egoXXVI. Psychoanalysis Methodsa. Free associationi. Resistanceii. Psychoanalysts’ role1. Aware of resistance2. Interpret meaningb. Transferencei. Transferring any emotions linked with other relationships ii. Transferring feelings to therapists, or people at work, or friendsc. Problems:i. There is no way to refute any interpretations that the therapists makes (no exact proof)ii. It is expensive XXVII. Psychodynamic Therapya. Understand symptoms by looking at important relationshipsb. Patient explores defensive thoughts and feelingsc. Therapy meeting varies based on therapists d. Interpersonal psychotherapy is a variation of psychodynamic therapy to help withdepressioni. Gets down to roots, and relieve symptoms temporarily XXVIII. Humanistic Therapya. Focuses on present and future, rather than pastb. Helps people grow in self-awareness and self-acceptance in order to achieve self-fulfillmentc. Focused on overall healthd. Tries to help client take responsibility e. Human growth conditions i. Genuine: patient feels comfortable and cared aboutii. Acceptance: comfortable and not judged (safe environment)iii. Empathy: the therapist is putting themselves in the clients positionf. Active listeningi. Paraphrase whatever is being said by the client 1. “So what I’m hearing is…”ii. Can ask follow-up questionsiii. Can get clarification iv. Give the client a chance to reflect on their feelingsg. Let clients progress at own pace (different than psychoanalysis)h. Client centered therapy (Carl Rogers)XXIX. Behavior Therapya. Applies learning principles to stop unwanted behaviorb. Counter-conditioning: A procedure that conditions new responses to stimuli that trigger unwanted behaviorsi.