PSYCH 100 1st Edition Lecture 16 Outline of Last Lecture I. NONE. Outline of Current Lecture: Developmental PsychologyI. Prenatal developmenta. Zygote, embryo, fetusII. Infancy and childhoodIII. Brain developmenta. Wombb. After birthc. After pubertyd. MaturationIV. Infant reflexesV. Motor developmentVI. Maturation and memoryVII. Cognitiona. Definition: all the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicatingb. Jean Piaget c. Schemasd. AssimilationThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.e. Accommodation VIII. Piaget’s theory and stagesi. Sensory motor stageii. Preoperational stageiii. Concrete operational stageiv. Formal operational stageb. Sensorimotor stagec. Preoperational staged. Egocentrism e. Theory of the mindf. Concrete operational stageg. Formal operational stageh. Social development IX. Parenting stylesa. Authoritative b. Authoritarianc. Permissived. Uninvolved e. Chart in book*****X. Adolescencea. Definition: the time between childhood and adulthoodXI. Physical development: the brainXII. Cognitive developmentXIII. 3 basic levels of moral thinkinga. Preconventional moralityb. Conventional moralityc. Postconventional morality XIV. Erikson’s stages of psychosocial developmentXV. Aging and memoryXVI. Aging and intelligenceXVII. Death and dying Current Lecture: Ch.11 Developmental PsychologyI. Prenatal developmenta. Zygote, embryo (through week 8), fetus (after week 8)i. Ectoderm: (nerve tissue and skin)ii. Mesoderm: (muscles and bones)iii. Endoderm: (soft tissue and organs)b. Lasts for 37-38 weeks c. Average 7 lbs. and 20 inches d. ½ lb. is the smallest surviving premature infant II. Infancy and childhooda. Infancy: newborn to toddlerb. Childhood: toddler to teenageri. During these stages growth occurs physically, cognitively, and sociallyIII. Brain developmenta. Womb: nerve cells form at the rate of one-quarter million/minuteb. After birth: neural networks (for remembering, walking, etc.) have growth spurtc. After puberty: pruning processd. Maturation: biological growth processes that enable orderly changes in behaviore. Brain development forms based on genetics IV. Infant reflexesa. Sucking reflex b. Steppingc. Blinkd. Moroe. Palmarf. Rootingg. Babinski V. Motor developmenta. First, infants begin to roll over. Next, they sit unsupported, crawl, and finally walkb. Experience has little effect on this sequencec. This sequence exists so that strength may develop enough to eventually walkd. Motor development works in two different ways:i. Developing strength to move to the next stageii. Working from the center and then outVI. Maturation and memorya. The earliest age of conscious memory is around 3 ½ yearsb. Other memories (e.g. motor memories)i. Ex: 3 month old kicking mobilec. Unconscious memories?i. Ex: preschool pictures VII. Cognition: all the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, andcommunicatinga. Jean Piageti. Children’s IQ testsii. Stagesb. Schemas: concepts or mental molds into which we pour our experiencesi. Ex: it has wings, it has feathers, it can fly c. Assimilation: interpreting our new experiences in terms of our existing schemasi. Fits into schemas because no changes are required d. Accommodation (change): adapting our current schemas to incorporate new informationi. Ex: seeing a different type of bird that cannot fly, so something has to change with the schema 1. A.k.a. most birds can fly, but some with feathers and wings may not be able toe. KNOW ALL CHARTS IN BOOK***VIII. Piaget’s theory and stagesi. Sensory motor stage1. Birth to nearly 2 years2. The infant is experiencing all senses3. Develops object permanence and stranger anxietyii. Preoperational stage1. 2 to about 6/7 years2. Words and images3. Not using logical reasoning4. Language developmentiii. Concrete operational1. 7 to 11 years2. Finally can think logicallyiv. Formal operational1. About 12 through adulthood 2. Abstract reasoningb. Sensorimotor Stagei. In the sensorimotor stage, babies take in the world by looking, hearing, touching, mouthing, and graspingii. Children younger than 6 months of age do not grasp object permanenceiii. Object permanence: objects that are out of sight are also out of mindiv. Piaget believed children in the sensorimotor stage could not think—they do not have any abstract concepts or ideasv. Children understand the basic laws of physics1. Ex: they are amazed at how a ball can stop in midair or disappearvi. Children can also count 1. Ex: children stared longer at the wrong number of objects than the right onesc. Preoperational Stagei. Piaget suggest that from 2 years old to about 6-7 years old, children are inthe preoperational stageii. Too young to perform mental operationsiii. DeLoache (1987) showed that children as young as 3 years of age are ableto use mental operations1. Ex: when shown a model of a dog’s hiding place behind the couch,a 2 ½ year old could not locate the stuffed dog in an actual room, but the 3 year old did. d. Egocentrismi. Focus on a child not being able to take on another persons point of viewii. Piaget concluded preschool children are egocentric1. Ex: When asked to show her picture to mommy, 2 year old Gabriella holds the picture facing her won eyes, believing that her mother can see it through her eyese. Theory of Mindi. Preschoolers develop the ability to understand another’s mental state when they begin forming a theory of mindf. Concrete operational stagei. Given concrete materials, 6 to 7 year olds grasp conservation problemsii. Mentally pour liquids backs and fourth into glasses of different shapes conserving their quantitiesiii. So, if 4 + 8 = 12, than a transformation, 12 – 4 = 8, is also easily doableg. Formal operational stagei. Around age 12, our reasoning ability expands from concrete thinking to abstract thinkingii. We can not use symbols and imagined realities to systematically reasoniii. Rudiments of such thinking begin earlier (age 7) than what paget suggested, since 7 year olds can solve the problem belowh. Social developmenti. Stanger anxiety is the fear of strangers that develops at around 8 monthsii. His is the age at which infants from schemas for familiar faces and cannot assimilate a new face IX. Parenting styles (4) (chart in book)a. Authoritative b. Authoritarianc. Permissived. Uninvolved X.