PSYCH 100 1st Edition Lecture 2The Mind: The brain and its actives, including thought, emotion, and behavior Influences on psych (1500’s-1600’s)- Socrates/Plato: mind is separate from the body and knowledge is innate or born with knowledge- Aristotle: mind and body are the same; knowledge not innateo Used data/observationo Knowledge comes from experience through all of our senses - Rene Descartes: dualism; innate ideas (instead of knowledge); “spirits”o Studied reflexes and how the mind and body relate o Believed in hollow spirits flowing through a tube from brain to body Forming our memories - Francis Bacon: we make patterns out of things that are random o We look for things that support our experiences and beliefs and ignorethings that are not o Only interested in the mind- John Locke: the mind is a blank slateo Experience is what influences our mind- Hermann von Helmholtz: reaction time; scientific view of the mind in relationto nervous system o How body parts are closer to the brain and effect reactionStructuralism- the mind is broken down in the smallest parts- “Atoms of the mind” (getting down to the smallest part of the mind) - Introspection to explore the structure of the mind (how the small parts got there)- (1879) Wilhelm Wundt - Edward Bradford Titchenero Student of Wundto Together studied introspection  Did studies based on scents and immediate memorization or reactions  Difficult to get exact measurable results Gestalt- Wolfgang Kohler- The whole is important even though there are many parts Functionalism- another school of thought- William Jameso Influenced by Darwin; looking for the function o How we adapt, survive, and flourish - Behavior is important- Whole; just like Gestalt - Mary Calkins o Went to Hartford as a guesto Took his seminar and received private tutoring from James o Was not able to get her degree because of her sex- William James was a phenomenal professor Sigmund Freud (1866-1939)- Introspection; specifically psycho-analysis - Arm chair theories- Focused on inner/childhood memories/etc. Behaviorism - Focus on observable behaviors- Ivan Pavlov- John Watson- Edward Thorndike- B.F. Skinner o Focusing on all sorts of different species todayo They leave room for mental behavior Humanistic- Response to Freud and behaviorism- Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslowo Known for the hierarchy of needs- Saw people as good, motivated, and healthy/improving o Basic needs that must be met - Self-actualization, esteem, love-belonging, safety, physiological Cognitive Revolution (1960’s)- Ulric Neisser- The ways we perceive, process, and remember info.o Compared to computer system the way we save or remember data Psychology Defined- (1879-1920s)- “The science of mental life”- (1920-1960s)- “The scientific study of observable behavior”- (1960s-onward)- “6 perspectives on Psych- Biological- Evolutionary- Cognitive- Social- Developmental- Clinical- And the other mentioned previously Levels of Analysis - Looking at biological and mental process - Biological, psychological, and social-cultural influences Psychology is a field that is built upon other academic disciplinesPsych is broken down into subfieldsPsych can be approached from many schools of