Psych 100 1st Edition Lecture 19Outline of Last Lecture I. Stressa. Definition: how we perceive and respond to events that we think are threatening or challengingb. Stressorsc. Stress reactiond. Appraisal II. Stress response systemIII. The Biology of stressa. HPAIV. General Adaptation SyndromeV. Stress and healthVI. The Biopsychosocial model of health i. Catastrophesii. Significant life changesiii. Daily hassle’sVII. Stress and the heartVIII. Personality typesa. Type Ab. Type B IX. Conflicts These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.a. Definition: two or more commands that may cause stress b. Approach-approachc. Avoidance-avoidanced. Approach-avoidance X. Coping with stressa. Problem-focused coping b. Emotion-focused coping XI. Perceived controlXII. Explanatory style (optimistic)XIII. Social supporta. Definition: feeling liked, affirmed, and encouraged by intimate friends and familyXIV. Managing stress effects-aerobic exerciseXV. Defense mechanisms- Coping with stressXVI. Stress management techniquesa. Physicalb. Psychologicalc. Social XVII. The experience of stressOutline of Current Lecture Social PsychologyI. Attribution Theory II. Fundamental attribution errora. Self-serving bias III. Attitudes and actionsa. Attitudes: are feelings, often based on our beliefs, that predispose us to respond in a particular way towards objects, people, and eventsb. Behavior and attitudesc. Roles and attitudesIV. Cognitive dissonance a. Theory: only way to change this is to change our actions or change our attitudeV. Zimbardo’s Stanford Prison experiment Social InfluenceI. The chameleon effecta. Conformity studyb. Asch conformity studyc. ComplianceII. Obedience III. Lessons from the conformity and obedience studiesIV. Social facilitation: improved performance on tasks in the presence of othersV. Social loafing: the tendency of an individual in a group to exert less effort toward attaining a common goal than when tested individually VI. Groupthink VII. Prejudice: (attitude) unjustifiable attitude toward a group and its membersVIII. Reducing prejudiceIX. Discrimination (action): The biased treatment of people based on their membership in a particular group or category X. Stereotype (traits): A simplified set of traits that are associated with group membership XI. Jane ElliotXII. Bystander Intervention/effect Current LectureChapter 13Social psychology: Studies how we think about, influence, and relate to one anotherI. Attribution Theorya. We explain the behavior of someone else by either focusing on the situation or the person i. Ex: a teacher may wonder whether a child’s hostility reflects an aggressive personality (dispositional attribution) or is a reaction to stress or abuse (situational attribution)b. The attribution then determines your reaction towards the attributionII. Fundamental attribution errora. Focuses on other people vs. self b. For other: we overestimate the role of the person and underestimate the role of the situation c. For self: self-serving biasi. When we do something positive or negative we attribute it to the situation in our favorIII. Attitudes and actionsa. Attitudes: are feelings, often based on our beliefs, that predispose us to respond in a particular way towards objects, people, and eventsb. Behavior and attitudesi. The way we act towards an attitude/believed attitude c. Roles and attitudesi. The role we are playing and the attitude that is developedIV. Cognitive dissonancea. The tension that we feel when our actions and our attitudes don’t match upb. Theory: only way to change this is to change our actions or change our attitude i. Ex: A girl was not accepted in the college of her dreams but was still acceptedin a different college. She tells people that the other college is far better thanthe one she was not accepted into.V. Zimbardo’s Stanford Prison experiment a. Created a prison in Stanford University’s basementb. Gave individuals each a role, and took away identityc. Got way out of control Social influenceI. The chameleon effecta. Conformity: adjusting ones behavior or thinking to coincide with a group standard b. Asch conformity studyi. Group conformity and pressureii. Shown a standard line and match which number out of 3 comparison lines matches the standard line iii. If most of the group says the same answer, the participant will say the same answerc. Compliance: agreeing to do something simply because we have been asked (not conformity)II. Obedience: compliance from an authority figure a. People comply to social pressuresb. Stanley Milgram designed a study that investigates the effects of authority on obediencei. The shock test ii. 65% continued to obey and deliver shocksiii. People follow blindly III. Lessons from the conformity and obedience studiesa. In both Asch’s and Milgram’s studies, participants were pressure to choose between following their standards and being responsive to othersb. In Milgram’s study, participants were torn between hearing the victims pleas and the experimenter’s ordersIV. Social facilitation: improved performance on tasks in the presence of othersa. Triplett (1898) noticed cyclists’ race times were faster when they competed against others than when they just raced against the clockV. Social loafing: the tendency of an individual in a group to exert less effort toward attaining a common goal than when tested individually VI. Groupthink a. Entire shift of thought because of group b. Instead of going through different scenarios, the decision is left alone and made by the group (everyone agreeing with each other)VII. Prejudice: (attitude) unjustifiable attitude toward a group and its membersa. Stereotypesb. Emotionsc. Predisposes discriminationd. You may end up with a preconceived opinion or attitude about an issue, person, or group VIII. Reducing prejudicea. Increase contact in cooperative activatesIX. Discrimination (action): The biased treatment of people based on their membership in a particular group or category X. Stereotype (traits): A simplified set of traits that are associated with group membership a. Positive and negativeXI. Jane Elliota. Created a situation with kindergarten students with stereotyping and discrimination based on eye color b. Did this numerous timesc. Showing how easily it is to ignite discrimination, etc. XII. Bystander intervention/effect a. The more