PSYCH 100 1st Edition Lecture 5Research Design- Reliability: gives consistent resultso Test-reset reliabilityo Cronbach a reliability coefficient - Validity: measures what it purports to measureo Convergent validityo Divergent validityo Face validity – does it look like its valid?- Ex: something reliable, but not valid. Not measuring what its supposed to measure- Ex: something valid, but not reliable. Not correlating what it is supposed to be correlating- Internal Validity: (treatment to change in behavior) how confident are you that your results apply to the group or individualo The goal is supposed to be a high internal validity o Internal and external validity are trade-offs- External validity: how confident are you that your results apply to all populationo Naturalistic observation has low internal validity and low externalo Case studies have low internal and low external Descriptive Statistics (A good overview of what you will work with)- Central tendencyo Mean, median, and modeo Mean is the most popular for descriptive statistics- Varianceo Looks at standard deviation- Normal curve o How we tell where our data should fall o How we determine statistics Inferential Statistics- Statistical significance (levels) o P<.05o P<.01o P<.001 Used as most important number Only want to focus on is meaningfulCont.Ethical Research- Middlemist, Knowles, and Matter (1976)o Did pilot studies based on sounds and men in the bathroom Eventually went further with observations with how far apart men stood from urinals and how long the urinated for - Ethical? - Institutional Review Boards (IRBs)o Humanso Informed consento Protect participants from harmo Protect confidentialityo Fully explain study purposes  If the experiments causes the participants harm, then the benefits must outweigh the harm  There MUST be an approved good reason to deceive participants in a study  Names and data must never be linked - After study the data must be destroyed All researches go through training (every 3-5 years as well)  Participants must be over 18 and give consent, otherwise the guardian must give consent- Institutional Animal Care and Use Communities (IACUC)o Animals Treated in humane matter Treated kindly, properly fed, sanitary conditions Only subject to discomfort when necessary 2/9/14 Chapter 4 The Biology of the Mind Neurons  Building block of the nervous system using nerve cello They are important because all messages in the nervous system occur by “talking to each other”o It is how you get information from the environment to your brain, and vice versao The messages are chemical in nature Has a cell body with dendrites o Dendrites (short and receive info.) Send info to cell bodyo Axons are extension of neurons and transmits info (very long)o Dendrites listen and Axons speako Myelin Sheath covers axon, and helps speed up impulses of neuron transactionso Terminal branches Action potential: a brief electrical charge that travels down an axono Impulse travel down and range from (2-200 mph) o The myelin sheath is what helps them go really fasto Either sends messages down or it does noto Can only happen if it connects to a negative 40 voltso Time and distance determine this Neuron transmit messageso Sensory receptors and chemical signals Intensity of stimuluso Ex: touch vs. big bear hugo Stronger stimulus triggers more neurons to fire (and more often) Neuron transmitters (Chemical messages)o Released from the sending neuron to receiving and then to the synapse Synapse: a junction between the axon tip of the sending neuronand the dendrite or cell body and back to receiving neuron- How does it cross?o Action potential causes release of neurotransmitterso Cross synapseo Bind to receptors on dendrites or cell body o Unlocks tiny chemicals on receiving siteo Electronically charged atoms flow in o Reuptake - Reuptake: process by which neurotransmitters leftover in the synapse are reabsorbed back into the sending neurons  Steps of how a neuron fires an action potential: view picture in bookNervous system The body’s speedy, electrochemical communication network Made up of nerve cells of the peripheral and central nervous systems Peripheral:o Automatic (controls self-regulated action of internal organs and glands)o Somatic (controls voluntary movements of skeletal movements)o Can be broken down into two parts: sympathetic (arousing) and parasympathetic (calming) This creates a balance  Parasympathetic creates energy and raises heart rate Sympathetic conserves energy Central Nervous system: o The brain and spinal cordo Allows us to think, feel, actEndocrine System The body’s “slow” chemical communication system Communication is carried out by a set of glands that secrete hormones into the bloodstreamo Hormones The pituitary glands o Controlled by the hypothalamus o Called the “master gland” Adrenal glandso Can increase blood pressure, blood sugaro Work with kidneysEndocrine system vs. Nervous system- Both secrete molecules that activate receptors elsewhere - Both work together- Endocrine system is slower than Nervous