PSYCH 100 Edition Exam #2 Study Guide Ch.6 sleep and drugsCh. 8 Learning/classical/operant/reinforcers/observational is separate/punishmentCh.7 emotions/theoriesCh.9 memory/encoding/storage/retrievalCh.10 ImagesLecture 9/10Ch. 6(Feb. 25/March 2)What is consciousness?-Consciousness means:State of awarenessOpposite of unconsciousness AlertAware of our environmentSelf-awarenessWhat characters do circadian rhythms have?-Peaks of 90-100 min. when going through cycles- There is an External (light) and internal (biological clock) regulation- The Biological clock is used for sleep, eat, wake, etc. - Known as the “Time giver” Sleep*****What is REM sleep?-REM sleep is characterized by rapid eye movement, 90-100 min. after falling asleep. The EEG looks similar to someone awake. Breathing and blood flow increases while muscles are essentially paralyzed. You DO NOT sleep walk during REM, but are likely to dream.What isREM rebound?-REM rebound occurs after periods sleep deprivation when a person has frequently slept without experiencing the REM sleep stage. During rebound the person may fall faster into REM sleep than usual. ***Remember REM has NO sleep wave patterns***Compare stages of sleep:-Stage 1 sleep contains theta waves with a decrease in heart rate and beginning sleep relaxation. Stage 2 contains theta waves and sleep spindles, where you are now asleep, but somewhat still monitoring information. During this stage you are not easily awakened like stage1. Stage 3 contains theta and delta waves, while stage 4 contains consistent delta waves only. You are now in a deep sleep during this stage.Sleep disordersWhat are the different states of the brain consciousness?-Coma, Brain death, Near-death experience, and SeizuresBrain dead vs. Near-death?-Brain death results in two flat lines by EKG, and is complete/irreversible. A near death experience results in an experience of severe heart incidents, etc. ***Do NOT study seizures***What is a coma?-A coma is when you are forced into a deep sleep, where you cannot be awoke, or move. It canlast a few days to several weeks. Once it passes a several weeks you are moved into vegetative state.What are the different types of sleep disorders?-Insomnia (inability to stay asleep/fall asleep), narcolepsy (falling asleep during random parts of the day), sleep apnea (stop breathing while sleeping), sleep walking (when you get up and walk around while asleep), and night terrors (rapidly waking up from sleep; screaming)***Do NOT study restless leg syndrome***DependenceWhat are the different kinds of dependence?-Physical and psychological dependenceWhat are depressants?-Drugs that calm neural activity and slow bodily functions *** doNOT study tolerance/withdrawal***Psychoactive drugsWhat is it?-Chemicals that change perceptions and moods, and triggers negative after effectsWhat are the three categories?-Depressants, stimulants, and hallucinogensWhat are the depressants (classes)?-Barbiturates, Alcohol, OpiatesAlcohol/opiates/barbituratesWhat they do as a depressant?-Alcohol can cause impairments/problems in the brain, etc. Barbiturates depress the activity of the central nervous system, as well as impairing memory and judgment. Opiates (morphine/heroin) are highly addictive and depress neural activity, temporarily lessening pain and anxietyStimulantsAll examples:-Caffeine, nicotine, ecstasy, amphetamines, methamphetamines***Not cocaine******Not LSD******Review chart on effects and risks of psychoactive drugs***Mediation and Hypnosis***Not everyone can be hypnotized***Lecture 11/12Ch.8 (March 4/9)What is associative learning?-Two events occur closely together (Aristotle and Locke)Classical conditioning***********What is it?-A way we learn to anticipate events from our least learned association from ALL stimuli, and is all responsiveWhat is spontaneous recovery?-It is a spontaneous response after a conditioned response extinguishedWhat is discrimination?-A learned ability to distinguish between the conditioned stimulus, and stimuli that are NOT the conditioned stimulus***Know everything about classical conditioning***Pavlov:-Father of classical conditioning, studied digestion (dog salivation), used unconditioned/conditioned responses/stimuli in his experiments, gave us the way we learn/study learningSkinner:-Father of operant conditioning/a behaviorist, created the Skinner box, used rewards/punishments and reinforcements in his experimentsBandura:-Father of observational learning, created the bobo doll experiment, positive and negative behavior (prosocial/antisocial)What is operant conditioning?-Conditioning by rewards and punishmentsWhat is observational learning?-Learning by observing others, typically at an early age (bobo doll)What is learning?-Learning is a relatively permanent change in an organism’s behavior due to experiencePavlov’s experiments-One of Pavlov’s major experiments was that of a dog salivating by acquisitionWhat are the Conditioning processes? ***-1.) Acquisition: paring -The neutral tone occurs before the unconditioned stimulus -2.) Extinction: the diminishing of the conditioned response-When the conditioned response does not follow the conditioned stimulus-3.) Spontaneous recovery: spontaneous recovery of conditioned response -Response after response was extinguished -Not as strong-Extinguishes very quickly again-4.) Generalization: tendency once a response has been conditioned for stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus to elicit similar responses-Something similar, but not the same; that still triggers a similar response, but not exactly the same response-You may receive no response if you are too far away -Some response, slightly different tone-5.) Discrimination: a learned ability to distinguish between the conditioned stimulus, and stimuli that are NOT the conditioned stimulus-Different tones: reacts to tone one, but not tone two-Tones have to be different enough so that you are not generalizingReinforcement*** Remember it varies and increases/decreases behavior***What is Positive/negative reinforcement?-It is adding/taking away something to increase behaviorWhat is primary vs. conditioned reinforcers?-There is primary which satisfies a biological need, and secondary which satisfies everyday needs Two schedules of reinforcement:-Partial: reinforcing a response only part of the time-Continuous: the desired behavior is reinforced every time it occurs What are the 4 different types**: fixed, variable,