Psych 100 1st Edition Lecture 18Outline of Last Lecture I. Prenatal developmenta. Zygote, embryo, fetusII. Infancy and childhoodIII. Brain developmenta. Wombb. After birthc. After pubertyd. MaturationIV. Infant reflexesV. Motor developmentVI. Maturation and memoryVII. Cognitiona. Definition: all the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicatingb. Jean Piaget c. Schemasd. Assimilatione. Accommodation VIII. Piaget’s theory and stagesi. Sensory motor stageThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.ii. Preoperational stageiii. Concrete operational stageiv. Formal operational stageb. Sensorimotor stagec. Preoperational staged. Egocentrism e. Theory of the mindf. Concrete operational stageg. Formal operational stageh. Social development IX. Parenting stylesa. Authoritative b. Authoritarianc. Permissived. Uninvolved e. Chart in book*****X. Adolescencea. Definition: the time between childhood and adulthoodXI. Physical development: the brainXII. Cognitive developmentXIII. 3 basic levels of moral thinkinga. Preconventional moralityb. Conventional moralityc. Postconventional morality XIV. Erikson’s stages of psychosocial developmentXV. Aging and memoryXVI. Aging and intelligenceXVII. Death and dying Outline of Current Lecture I. Stressa. Definition: how we perceive and respond to events that we think are threatening or challengingb. Stressorsc. Stress reactiond. Appraisal II. Stress response systemIII. The Biology of stressa. HPAIV. General Adaptation SyndromeV. Stress and healthVI. The Biopsychosocial model of health i. Catastrophesii. Significant life changesiii. Daily hassle’sVII. Stress and the heartVIII. Personality typesa. Type Ab. Type B IX. Conflictsa. Definition: two or more commands that may cause stress b. Approach-approachc. Avoidance-avoidanced. Approach-avoidance X. Coping with stressa. Problem-focused coping b. Emotion-focused coping XI. Perceived controlXII. Explanatory style (optimistic)XIII. Social supporta. Definition: feeling liked, affirmed, and encouraged by intimate friends and familyXIV. Managing stress effects-aerobic exerciseXV. Defense mechanisms- Coping with stressXVI. Stress management techniquesa. Physicalb. Psychologicalc. Social XVII. The experience of stressCurrent Lecture:Ch.16 Stress and HealthI. Stress: How we perceive and respond to events that we think are threatening or challenginga. Stressors: what causes you stressb. Stress reaction: how you respondi. Cognitions and how you perceive things affect your personal stressc. Appraisali. Threat (you don’t think you have the resources)ii. Challenge (you think you have the resources)iii. Stress can be negative, but can also be beneficial iv. In relation to time II. Stress response systema. Cannon proposed that the stress response (fast) was fight-or-flight responseb. Getting you ready to face the stressor (in moment of fight-or-flight)III. The biology of stressa. The HPA pathway i. Feed back loop back to brain ii. Adrenaline IV. General Adaptation Syndromea. According to Selye, a stress response to any kind of stimulation is similar (three phases)b. Fight-or-flight activated c. Preparing your body to deal with stressord. Body tries to cope, but if it can not (prolonged) cortisol is releasede. Leads to exhaustion phase, where you are worn out and if severe enough you can dief. Short-term exhaustion comes down and is not a problem V. Stress and Healtha. Stress/prolonged stress can weaken your immune system b. Short-term not a problemc. Impacts heart (heart disease)d. People with weakened immune system due to stress have longer recovery time from surgery etc.e. Makes you more vulnerable to sickness because everything else is being over--worked VI. The Biopsychosocial model of health a. Individual differences (genes, development, experience)b. Perceived stress (threats, helplessness, vigilance)c. Behavioral responses (fight-or-flight, personal behavior such as diet/smoking/drinking/exercise)i. Genetic/environmental experiences you cannot control that impact your stressd. Stressful life eventsi. Catastrophes: Uncontrollable disasters that can be traumatic1. Ex: tsunami 2. Effects marriage, families, status, etc.3. As time goes on they adjust, but physiology continues for months 4. Affects both physical and mental health5. May cause PTSD 6. Those who are able to cope and grow from experience are able to deal with this stressor7. Highest level of PTSD from sudden death of someone close ii. Significant life changes1. Ex: new home, new job2. Most people adjust fine to these 3. Different from someone passing awayiii. Daily hassle’s1. Long-term hassle’s can build up 2. Short-term not a big problem 3. May add to stress of major life events 4. May just be part of daily lifeVII. Stress and the hearta. Stress that leads to elevated blood pressure may result in coronary heart disease,a clogging of the vessels that nourish the heart muscle b. Sleep, diet, personality, social aspects affect your stress/blood pressureVIII. Personality typesa. Type Ai. Anger proneii. Likes things their wayiii. Focuses on negative emotionsiv. Pessimistsv. At more risk for heart problemsb. Type Bi. Relaxed ii. Neutral iii. Optimistic IX. Conflicts: two or more commands that may cause stress a. Approach-approach conflict (active)i. Deciding between two things that are good ii. Win-winb. Avoidance-avoidance conflict (passive)i. Deciding between two negative conflicts ii. Can result in helplessness, where you don’t make a decision at alliii. Feeling stuckc. Approach-avoidance conflicti. Faced with one choice, but it has a positive and negative conflictX. Coping with stress a. Problem-focused copingi. Feel like you have a sense of control over situation, so you try to fix the problemii. Ex: creating a study group after failing an examiii. Deciding what you are going to doiv. Can be negative and positiveb. Emotion-focused copingi. When you feel stuck, and don’t feel like you can control the situationii. You cope by changing YOU iii. Changing perceptions iv. Can be negative and positive XI. Perceived controla. Become vulnerable to getting sick if perceive we don’t have control over a stressorb. Can affect heart rate, blood pressure, stress levels i. Ex: putting an elderly woman in a nursing home becomes sick quickly, because she no longer feels like she has