PSYCH 100 1st Edition Lecture 3 Chapter Two- Measurements/Methods Nature vs. Nurture- Plato/Aristotle o Do genes AND environment shape who we are or develop Studies on nature vs. nurture done by twin studies/adoption studies - Levels of Analysis- Bio psychosocial Modelo Biological, psychological, and Social-cultural Influence - Biological o Biology, evolutionary theory, genetics, and neuroscience Behavior or mental process - Psychologicalo Cognition, learning, and psychodynamic Behavior or mental process- Socialo Social psychology, and cultural Behavior or mental process- They all tie together Scientific Attitude Being skeptical but not cynical Open but not gullibleo Open to research findings, but not too trusting Be Curious, Skeptical, Humble Have the ability to think clearly o Thinking that does not blindly accept arguments and conclusions Examine assumptions, discern hidden values, evaluate evidence, and assess conclusionsScience: The application of the scientific method to solvable problems Characteristicso Empirical: based on objective systematic observationso Rationalo Testable: Have something you can reject with evidence and accept o Parsimonious: Simple/ concise explanations o Tentative: o Publicly Verifiable: Being okay with research being replicated Mindseto Objective, nonbiased, systematic, evidence Method o Theorize->Hypothesize->Test->Evaluate Theory: A model or observation; its made up of concepts that explain behavior and helps make predictions about new behaviors - A good theory explains, organizes information, and produces testable predictions - If you data supports your hypothesis then your hypothesis supports your theory Hypothesis: Testable predictions/falsifiable Tests: Statement of the procedures used to define research variables (things you are interested in)- Systematic, objective, empirical - Ex: Hunger, Intelligence - If data does not support the hypothesis doesn’t mean the theory is disproven Types of Researcho Descriptive: Case studies, Naturalistic Observation, Surveys, Archival Research o Case studies In depth study of an individual case o Naturalistic observation Observing people in their natural environment without manipulating or controlling the situation - Structure observation with the researcher observing theparticipant o Define what you mean, quantify the behaviors, and record the behaviors o Surveys Self-reported behavior or opinions of a wide range of people - Closed questions and Open questions- Pay attention to the construction of the questions- Social desirability: when participants answer the way they think you want them to answer - Random
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